{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T06:04:00Z","timestamp":1784181840116,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Biotechnology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T12:05:34Z","timestamp":1784030734000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Random access elevates DNA from a storage medium to a storage system"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Haotian","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuhong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dachao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingjin","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quanjun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2023.07.006","article-title":"How to make DNA data storage more applicable","volume":"42","author":"Akash","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17552","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c06748","article-title":"Emerging approaches to DNA data storage: challenges and prospects","volume":"16","author":"Doricchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4463","DOI":"10.1039\/D3CS00469D","article-title":"High-throughput DNA synthesis for data storage","volume":"53","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21587-5","article-title":"DNA stability: a central design consideration for DNA data storage systems","volume":"12","author":"Matange","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaj2038","article-title":"DNA fountain enables a robust and efficient storage architecture","volume":"355","author":"Erlich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1226355","article-title":"Next-generation digital information storage in DNA","volume":"337","author":"Church","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2552","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201411378","article-title":"Robust chemical preservation of digital information on DNA in silica with error-correcting codes","volume":"54","author":"Grass","year":"2015","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-019-0125-3","article-title":"Molecular digital data storage using DNA","volume":"20","author":"Ceze","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2023.08.001","article-title":"How close are we to storing data in DNA?","volume":"42","author":"Gervasio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27846-9","article-title":"Synthetic DNA applications in information technology","volume":"13","author":"Meiser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08040-5","article-title":"Parallel molecular data storage by printing epigenetic bits on DNA","volume":"634","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-019-0244-5","article-title":"Reading and writing digital data in DNA","volume":"15","author":"Meiser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43102","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c07235","article-title":"Advances and challenges in random access techniques for in vitro DNA data storage","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2023.108155","article-title":"An outlook on the current challenges and opportunities in DNA data storage","volume":"66","author":"Raza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2180905.2180907","article-title":"Analysis of workload behavior in scientific and historical long-term data repositories","volume":"8","author":"Adams","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Storage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0080","article-title":"Data readout techniques for DNA-based information storage","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16797-2","article-title":"Dynamic and scalable DNA-based information storage","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-021-01089-x","article-title":"A PCR-free approach to random access in DNA","volume":"20","author":"Piantanida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2025.02.002","article-title":"Biotechnological tools boost the functional diversity of DNA-based data storage systems","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-55986-9","article-title":"Massively parallel homogeneous amplification of chip-scale DNA for DNA information storage (MPHAC-DIS)","volume":"16","author":"Weng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0105","series-title":"Proceedings of the Twenty-first International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems","article-title":"A DNA-based archival storage system","author":"Bornholt","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0110","series-title":"Proceedings of the 56th Annual IEEE\/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture","article-title":"Efficiently enabling block semantics and data updates in DNA storage","author":"Sharma","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09517-y","article-title":"High density DNA data storage library via dehydration with digital microfluidic retrieval","volume":"10","author":"Newman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0120","article-title":"Engineered living memory microspheroid-based archival file system for random accessible in vivo DNA storage","volume":"37","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202001249","article-title":"DNA micro-disks for the management of DNA-based data storage with index and write-once\u2013read-many (WORM) memory features","volume":"32","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6026","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41729-1","article-title":"A digital twin for DNA data storage based on comprehensive quantification of errors and biases","volume":"14","author":"Gimpel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0135","article-title":"Mobile and self-sustained data storage in an extremophile genomic DNA","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0140","article-title":"Highly charged triblock bottlebrush copolymers: controlled self-assembly into adaptive porous microspheres for dynamic DNA data storage","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6472","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42223-4","article-title":"Digital data storage on DNA tape using CRISPR base editors","volume":"14","author":"Sadremomtaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0150","article-title":"In vivo processing of digital information molecularly with targeted specificity and robust reliability","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.9b00100","article-title":"Driving the scalability of DNA-based information storage systems","volume":"8","author":"Tomek","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Synth. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15588-z","article-title":"DNA punch cards for storing data on native DNA sequences via enzymatic nicking","volume":"11","author":"Tabatabaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9479","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.2c03258","article-title":"Scaling up multi-bit DNA full adder circuits with minimal strand displacement reactions","volume":"144","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0170","article-title":"Parallel molecular computation on digital data stored in DNA","volume":"120","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0175","first-page":"1","article-title":"From data islands to sharing data in the cloud: the evolution of data integration in biological data repositories","volume":"1","author":"Cogo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comm. Innov. Gaz."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9233","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-64293-2","article-title":"Empowering low-crosstalk, dynamic-decision random access of DNA storage via 384-multiplexed nanopore signatures","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.3390\/life15050716","article-title":"Exploring life detection on Mars: understanding challenges in DNA amplification in Martian regolith analogue after Fe ion irradiation","volume":"15","author":"Cassaro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0190","article-title":"An effective DNA-based file storage system for practical archiving and retrieval of medical MRI data","volume":"8","author":"Rasool","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0195","article-title":"Photonic microspheres for high-capacity DNA data storage: robust, straightforward, and scalable random access via nonfading indexes","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68749","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c13948","article-title":"Empowering DNA-based information processing: computation and data storage","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48870","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c12102","article-title":"Advanced DNA amplification for efficient data storage","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.1c00482","article-title":"Combinatorial PCR method for efficient, selective oligo retrieval from complex oligo pools","volume":"11","author":"Winston","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Synth. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3264","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16958-3","article-title":"Quantifying molecular bias in DNA data storage","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4899","DOI":"10.1039\/D4TB00104D","article-title":"Magnetic composite microspheres with a controlled mesoporous shell for highly efficient DNA extraction and fragment screening","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-516-9_21","article-title":"Target enrichment via DNA hybridization capture","volume":"840","author":"Horn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7306","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c17817","article-title":"Ultrafast and accurate DNA storage and reading integrated system via microfluidic magnetic beads polymerase chain reaction","volume":"19","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15619","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.2c03686","article-title":"Magnetic microsphere\/silica nanoparticle composite structures for switchable DNA storage","volume":"5","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/agt2.8","article-title":"DNA nanostructure-encoded fluorescent barcodes","volume":"1","author":"Zhai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aggregate"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.1451","article-title":"Submicrometre geometrically encoded fluorescent barcodes self-assembled from DNA","volume":"4","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-021-01021-3","article-title":"Random access DNA memory using Boolean search in an archival file storage system","volume":"20","author":"Banal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6388","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-61264-5","article-title":"Random access and semantic search in DNA data storage enabled by Cas9 and machine-guided design","volume":"16","author":"Imburgia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0260","article-title":"Primer-disk-enabled DNA data storage system with index and record-many-read-many features","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/smsc.202400094","article-title":"A novel DNA-based dual-mode data storage system with interrelated concise and detailed data","volume":"4","author":"Pei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13153","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c02667","article-title":"Integrated microfluidic DNA storage platform with automated sample handling and physical data partitioning","volume":"94","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11974","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c00950","article-title":"A DNA data storage system using electrochemically active non-natural oligonucleotides with flexible microfluidic chips","volume":"97","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaf733","article-title":"Electro-switchable addressing system for achieving repetitive random data access","volume":"53","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4079","article-title":"Random access in large-scale DNA data storage","volume":"36","author":"Organick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-023-01377-4","article-title":"DNA storage in thermoresponsive microcapsules for repeated random multiplexed data access","volume":"18","author":"B\u00f6gels","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-024-01771-6","article-title":"A primordial DNA store and compute engine","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0300","article-title":"High-fidelity data retrieval from synthetic DNA pools via machine learning model","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10179","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c21723","article-title":"High-security data encryption enabled by DNA multi-strand solid-phase hybridization and displacement in inkjet-printed microarrays","volume":"17","author":"Pei","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202107381","article-title":"Integrating DNA encapsulates and digital microfluidics for automated data storage in DNA","volume":"18","author":"Antkowiak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1007\/s13206-025-00214-1","article-title":"Polymerase elongation onto patterned DNA for random accessed DNA data storage","volume":"19","author":"Kang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochip J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0320","article-title":"A compact cassette tape for DNA-based data storage","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3973","DOI":"10.1039\/D2SC06466A","article-title":"A nanoparticle-coated microfluidic chip for automated, non-destructive extraction of encapsulated DNA in data storage","volume":"14","author":"Geng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1039\/D2LC00972B","article-title":"The emerging landscape of microfluidic applications in DNA data storage","volume":"23","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1039\/D4LC00804A","article-title":"Intelligent optoelectrowetting digital microfluidic system for real-time selective parallel manipulation of biological droplet arrays","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abi6714","article-title":"Scaling DNA data storage with nanoscale electrode wells","volume":"7","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3204","DOI":"10.1039\/D5NH00459D","article-title":"DNA computing: DNA circuits and data storage","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanoscale Horiz."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1557\/s43577-023-00510-x","article-title":"The bottom of the memory hierarchy: semiconductor and DNA data storage","volume":"48","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"MRS Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1557\/s43579-024-00660-2","article-title":"Progress of emerging non-volatile memory technologies in industry","volume":"14","author":"Hellenbrand","year":"2024","journal-title":"MRS Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2018.2875386","article-title":"DNA data storage and hybrid molecular\u2013electronic computing","volume":"107","author":"Carmean","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02705-8","article-title":"DNA multi-bit non-volatile memory and bit-shifting operations using addressable electrode arrays and electric field-induced hybridization","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0370","article-title":"Bead-based DNA synthesis and sequencing for integrated data storage using digital microfluidics","volume":"64","author":"Piao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3344","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.0c00419","article-title":"Low-bias manipulation of DNA oligo pool for robust data storage","volume":"9","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Synth. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-024-00386-z","article-title":"Recent progress in DNA data storage based on high-throughput DNA synthesis","volume":"14","author":"Jo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2016.49","article-title":"Coming of age: ten years of next-generation sequencing technologies","volume":"17","author":"Goodwin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0390","article-title":"DNA microarray chips: fabrication and cutting-edge applications","volume":"499","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6466","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601184103","article-title":"Direct electrical detection of DNA synthesis","volume":"103","author":"Pourmand","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2010.03.017","article-title":"An electrostatic model for DNA surface hybridization","volume":"98","author":"Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.161245","article-title":"Emerging preservation materials for long-term DNA-based data storage","volume":"509","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2891","DOI":"10.1039\/D4CC06351A","article-title":"Enzymes as green and sustainable tools for DNA data storage","volume":"61","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s13206-024-00146-2","article-title":"Recent progress in high-throughput enzymatic DNA synthesis for data storage","volume":"18","author":"Baek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochip J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202101335","article-title":"DNA-based concatenated encoding system for high-reliability and high-density data storage","volume":"6","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-025-01003-z","article-title":"Scalable and robust DNA-based storage via coding theory and deep learning","volume":"7","author":"Bar-Lev","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41540-022-00233-w","article-title":"Adaptive coding for DNA storage with high storage density and low coverage","volume":"8","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Syst. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.168","article-title":"Storage-D: a user-friendly platform that enables practical and personalized DNA data storage","volume":"3","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Imeta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2025.102571","article-title":"Electrochemical sequencing of sequence-defined ferrocene-containing oligourethanes","volume":"11","author":"Pandey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2984","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30140-x","article-title":"Rewritable two-dimensional DNA-based data storage with machine learning reconstruction","volume":"13","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8884","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1202344109","article-title":"Rewritable digital data storage in live cells via engineered control of recombination directionality","volume":"109","author":"Bonnet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2764","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.5c00175","article-title":"Scaling the high-yield potential of large-scale DNA data storage with cap-free DNA synthesis","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Synth. Biol."}],"container-title":["Trends in Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167779926002799?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167779926002799?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T05:07:58Z","timestamp":1784178478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167779926002799"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":91,"alternative-id":["S0167779926002799"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-7799"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-7799","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Random access elevates DNA from a storage medium to a storage system","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Trends in Biotechnology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tibtech.2026.06.020","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}