{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T01:37:07Z","timestamp":1769218627629,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Food Science & Technology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,18]],"date-time":"2019-01-18T12:27:42Z","timestamp":1547814462000},"page":"107-115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Food defence: Refining the taxonomy of food defence threats"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Louise","family":"Manning","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1108\/03090591311301671","article-title":"Predictors of workplace deviant behaviour: HRD agenda for Malaysian support personnel","volume":"37","author":"Alias","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Journal of Training and Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib3","series-title":"International conference on critical infrastructure protection","first-page":"157","article-title":"Protecting the food supply chain from terrorist attack","author":"Alvarez","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-5978(02)00037-7","article-title":"Sabotage in the workplace: The role of organizational injustice","volume":"89","author":"Ambrose","year":"2002","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2014.967834","article-title":"Food adulteration: Sources, health risks, and detection methods","volume":"57","author":"Bandal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib6","series-title":"New Zealand man jailed for milk formula 1080 threat","author":"BBC","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib7","series-title":"Poisoned baby food: German jailed for attempted murder","author":"BBC","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S2212-5671(15)01077-1","article-title":"Cyber-attacks\u2013trends, patterns and security countermeasures","volume":"28","author":"Bendovschi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Economics and Finance"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00003-016-1022-8","article-title":"Food defence system in food industry: Perspective of the EU countries","volume":"11","author":"Bogadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal f\u00fcr Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib10","volume":"Vol. 8","author":"BRC (British Retail Consortium)","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib11","first-page":"1","article-title":"An analysis of the nature of groups engaged in cyber crime","volume":"8","author":"Broadhurst","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Cyber Criminology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1515\/sbe-2017-0003","article-title":"Strategic business espionage: An ethics and business practices to gain opportunity or community problems","volume":"12","author":"Budiono","year":"2017","journal-title":"Studies in Business and Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib13","series-title":"Improving food safety through a one health approach: Workshop summary","article-title":"EHEC O104: H4 in Germany 2011: Large outbreak of bloody diarrhea and haemolytic uraemic syndrome by shiga toxin-producing E. coli via contaminated food","author":"Burger","year":"2012"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.2307\/2094589","article-title":"Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach","volume":"44","author":"Cohen","year":"1979","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib15","author":"Collins Dictionary (nd)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-15-405","article-title":"High-throughput quantification of monofluoroacetate (1080) in milk as a response to an extortion threat","volume":"79","author":"Cooney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Food Protection"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2004.11.005","article-title":"In the company of spies: When competitive intelligence gathering becomes industrial espionage","volume":"48","author":"Crane","year":"2005","journal-title":"Business Horizons"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib18","first-page":"311","article-title":"Employee sabotage: A random or preventable phenomenon?","author":"Crino","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Managerial Issues"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib19","series-title":"Report. Centre of excellence for national security (CENS). S Rajaratnam school of international studies","article-title":"Food defense incidents 1950-2008: A chronology and analysis of incidents involving the malicious contamination of the food supply chain","author":"Dalziel","year":"2009"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1108\/BFJ-04-2016-0138","article-title":"From food defence to food supply chain integrity","volume":"119","author":"Davidson","year":"2017","journal-title":"British Food Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib21","series-title":"Cyber security and threats: Concepts, methodologies, tools, and applications","first-page":"173","article-title":"A brief review of new threats and countermeasures in digital crime and cyber terrorism","author":"Dawson","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib22","series-title":"The cost of cyber crime. A Detica report in partnership with the office of cyber security and information assurance in the cabinet office","author":"Detica","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib23","series-title":"The use and effectiveness of sabotage as a means of unconventional warfare-an historical perspective from world war I through Viet Nam (No. AFIT\/GLM\/LSMA\/87S-20)","author":"Douthit","year":"1987"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-68.6.1302","article-title":"Risk assessment of malicious biocontamination of food","volume":"68","author":"Elad","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Food Protection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib25","author":"EUROPOL"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib26","series-title":"To spy or not to (fire the) spy: Impact and stability of spying out rivals' play in Bertrand competition","author":"Fan","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib27","author":"FDA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib28","author":"FDA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib29","author":"Fisher"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib30","series-title":"A journey to the tea countries of China including sung-lo and the bohea hills; with a short notice of the East India company's tea plantations in the himalaya mountains: By Robert Fortune. With map and illustrations","author":"Fortune","year":"1852"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52512-3.00036-X","article-title":"Food security: Food defense and biosecurity","volume":"3","author":"Fredrickson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib32","author":"GFSI"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib33","author":"GFSI"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib34","series-title":"Two Romainians plead guilty to Subway hack","author":"Gross","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10657-008-9051-0","article-title":"Understanding and managing behavioural risks: The case of malpractice in poultry production","volume":"26","author":"Hirschauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"European Journal of Law and Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib36","series-title":"Causes of delinquency","author":"Hirschi","year":"1969"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1057\/cpcs.2014.6","article-title":"Who are the guardians in product counterfeiting? A theoretical application of routine activities theory","volume":"16","author":"Hollis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crime Prevention and Community Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib38","author":"ISO 27001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib39","author":"ISO 28000"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib40","first-page":"8623","article-title":"Security against cyber attacks in food industry","volume":"9","author":"Khursheed","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Control Theory and Applications"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.2752\/155280107X211467","article-title":"Food security and food sovereignty in Iraq: The impact of war and sanctions on the civilian population","volume":"10","author":"Koc","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food, Culture & Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2018.05.007","article-title":"A study on adulteration in cereals and bakery products from Poland including a review of definitions","volume":"92","author":"Kowalska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib43","author":"Kreft"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018349","article-title":"Can counterproductive work behaviors be productive? CWB as emotion-focused coping","volume":"15","author":"Krischer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational Health Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib45","author":"Licea"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1080\/08850607.2015.1022464","article-title":"Undercover under threat: Cover identity, clandestine activity, and covert action in the digital age","volume":"28","author":"Lord","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Intelligence and Counter Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib47","author":"Manhire"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1108\/00070700510589512","article-title":"Deliberate contamination of the food supply chain","volume":"107","author":"Manning","year":"2005","journal-title":"British Food Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2014.06.005","article-title":"Developing systems to control food adulteration","volume":"49","author":"Manning","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R823","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.13256","article-title":"Food safety, food fraud, and food defense: A fast evolving literature","volume":"81","author":"Manning","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of food science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib51","series-title":"Organised crime in the digital age","author":"McGuire","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib52","series-title":"Cyber crime: A review of the evidence. Summary of key findings and implications","author":"McGuire","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib53","series-title":"Foodborne diseases","first-page":"50","article-title":"Microbiological outbreak in sprouted seeds","author":"McIntyre","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib54","first-page":"14","article-title":"Assessing chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear threats to the food supply chain","volume":"3","author":"Meulenbelt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Global Security: Health, Science and Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib55","first-page":"937","article-title":"Chapter 35\u2014 food defense, food safety management: A practical guide for the food industry","author":"Mitenius","year":"2014"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib56","first-page":"1771","article-title":"US healthcare industry: Cybersecurity regulatory and compliance issues","volume":"9","author":"Mohammed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Business, Economics and Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib57","series-title":"Agroterrorism: Threats and preparedness","author":"Monke","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2017.12.005","article-title":"Agro-defense: Biosensors for food from healthy crops and animals","volume":"73","author":"Neethirajan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends in Food Science & Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib59","series-title":"Safe food: Bacteria, biotechnology and bioterrorism","author":"Nestle","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib60","author":"NZHerald"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib61","series-title":"Agroterrorism threats to America's economy and food supply, \u201cFBI law enforcement bulletin\u201d February 2012","author":"Olson","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib62","article-title":"DuPont industrial espionage case ends with convictions","author":"O'Halloran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib63","series-title":"Guide to protecting and defending food and drink from deliberate attack","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib64","series-title":"The sage dictionary of criminology","article-title":"Rational choice theory","author":"Pease","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1057\/cpcs.2008.19","article-title":"Guardianship in action: Developing a new tool for measurement","volume":"1","author":"Reynald","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crime Prevention and Community Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib66","series-title":"EHEC O104:H4 outbreak in Germany, 2011","author":"RKI (Robert Koch Institute)","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib67","author":"Rojas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2017.06.017","article-title":"Food fraud vulnerability and its key factors","volume":"67","author":"van Ruth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends in Food Science & Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s40636-015-0037-7","article-title":"Tea and China's rise: Tea, nationalism and culture in the 21st century","volume":"2","author":"Sigley","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Communication of Chinese Culture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib70","author":"Smith"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1057\/s41300-019-00059-5","article-title":"Advancing understanding of pinchpoints and crime prevention in the food supply chain","volume":"21","author":"Soon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crime Prevention and Community Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib72","series-title":"Counterproductive work behavior: Investigations of actors and targets","first-page":"151","article-title":"The stressor\u2013 emotion model of counterproductive work behaviour","author":"Spector","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib73","series-title":"Research grants","first-page":"7","article-title":"Backgrounder: Defining the public health threat of food fraud","author":"Spink","year":"2011"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2011.02417.x","article-title":"Defining the public health threat of food fraud","volume":"76","author":"Spink","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Food Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-7680-2-8","article-title":"Defining the types of counterfeiters, counterfeiting and offender organizations","volume":"2","author":"Spink","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crime Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.09.106","article-title":"Introduction to Food Fraud including translation and interpretation to Russian, Korean and Chinese languages","volume":"189","author":"Spink","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chemistry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib77","first-page":"1","article-title":"Addressing the risk of product fraud: A case study of the Nigerian combating counterfeiting and sub-standard medicines initiatives","volume":"4","author":"Spink","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic Science & Criminology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib78","author":"Stones"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib79","series-title":"Images of deviance","first-page":"219","article-title":"Industrial sabotage: Motives and meanings","author":"Taylor","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib80","author":"The Independent"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550050051033","article-title":"A large community outbreak of salmonellosis caused by intentional contamination of restaurant salad bars","volume":"278","author":"T\u00f6r\u00f6k","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib82","author":"UK Cyber Security Breaches Survey"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib83","author":"US Code Title 22"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib84","author":"US Federal Food"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib85","first-page":"95","article-title":"Business war: Economic espionage in the United States and the European Union and the need for greater trade secret protection","volume":"27","author":"Van Arnam","year":"2001","journal-title":"NCJ Int'l L. & Com. Reg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib86","first-page":"113","article-title":"An analysis of cyber-incidents in South Africa","volume":"20","author":"Van Niekerk","year":"2017","journal-title":"The African Journal of Information and Communication (AJIC)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib87","first-page":"15","article-title":"Assessing identity theft in the internet of things","volume":"2","author":"Vidalis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of IT Convergence Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib88","series-title":"Understanding criminology","author":"Walklate","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib89","first-page":"106","article-title":"HACCP-based food defense systems","volume":"13","author":"Wi\u015bniewska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Management and Finance"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib90","article-title":"Terrorist threats to food: Guidance for establishing and strengthening prevention and response systems","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2002","journal-title":"Food Safety Programme"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib91","author":"Yoe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008_bib1","series-title":"North Atlantic treaty organisation (NATO) glossary of terms and definitions (English and French), edition 2014","author":"AAP-06","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["Trends in Food Science & Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0924224418307520?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0924224418307520?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T07:54:48Z","timestamp":1760342088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0924224418307520"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"references-count":91,"alternative-id":["S0924224418307520"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-2244"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-2244","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Food defence: Refining the taxonomy of food defence threats","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Trends in Food Science & Technology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Crown Copyright \u00a9 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}