{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:10:37Z","timestamp":1790197837977,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010352","name":"Merton College, University of Oxford","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010352","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000647","name":"Kennedy Trust for Rheumatology Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000647","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014748","name":"Clarendon Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014748","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["226014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["226014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["224315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["224315"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016580","name":"Kennedy Trust for Rheumatology Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016580","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T20:23:53Z","timestamp":1789676633000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Micronutrients, the gut microbiota, and infection susceptibility in infants"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Miranda Y.","family":"Bate","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelvin Mokaya","family":"Abuga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jethro S.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah H.","family":"Atkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2018.09.008","article-title":"The human microbiome and child growth \u2013 first 1000 days and beyond","volume":"27","author":"Robertson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1159\/000371618","article-title":"The epidemiology of global micronutrient deficiencies","volume":"66","author":"Bailey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1590","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00367-9","article-title":"Micronutrient deficiencies among preschool-aged children and women of reproductive age worldwide: a pooled analysis of individual-level data from population-representative surveys","volume":"10","author":"Stevens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0020","first-page":"2221","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators (2022) Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"400","author":"GBD","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17091479","article-title":"Undernutrition and intestinal infections in children: a narrative review","volume":"17","author":"Carvalho","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13421","article-title":"Persistent gut microbiota immaturity in malnourished Bangladeshi children","volume":"510","author":"Subramanian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.021","article-title":"Developmental trajectory of the healthy human gut microbiota during the first 5 years of life","volume":"29","author":"Roswall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00501-24","article-title":"Consequences of host-microbiome interactions in preterm infants","volume":"93","author":"Erickson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03241-8","article-title":"Multi-kingdom ecological drivers of microbiota assembly in preterm infants","volume":"591","author":"Rao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3663","article-title":"The effect of host genetics on the gut microbiome","volume":"48","author":"Bonder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-05-0456","article-title":"Complementing the genome with an \u201cexposome\u201d: the outstanding challenge of environmental exposure measurement in molecular epidemiology","volume":"14","author":"Wild","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11053","article-title":"Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography","volume":"486","author":"Yatsunenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1560-1","article-title":"Stunted microbiota and opportunistic pathogen colonization in caesarean-section birth","volume":"574","author":"Shao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aad7121","article-title":"Antibiotics, birth mode, and diet shape microbiome maturation during early life","volume":"8","author":"Bokulich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aad0917","article-title":"Natural history of the infant gut microbiome and impact of antibiotic treatment on bacterial strain diversity and stability","volume":"8","author":"Yassour","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag2029","article-title":"Neonatal acquisition of Clostridia species protects against colonization by bacterial pathogens","volume":"356","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj2972","article-title":"Robust variation in infant gut microbiome assembly across a spectrum of lifestyles","volume":"376","author":"Olm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.01.007","article-title":"Genomic atlas of Bifidobacterium infantis and B. longum informs infant probiotic design","volume":"189","author":"Shao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0617-x","article-title":"Temporal development of the gut microbiome in early childhood from the TEDDY study","volume":"562","author":"Stewart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.103542","article-title":"Untangling human milk oligosaccharides and infant gut microbiome","volume":"25","author":"Masi","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-022-01270-3","article-title":"Priority effects shape the structure of infant-type Bifidobacterium communities on human milk oligosaccharides","volume":"16","author":"Ojima","year":"2022","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.031","article-title":"The multifaceted roles of breast milk antibodies","volume":"184","author":"Atyeo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-66497-y","article-title":"Assembly of the infant gut microbiome and resistome are linked to bacterial strains in mother\u2019s milk","volume":"16","author":"Ferretti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2571428","article-title":"Infant gut microbiome reprogramming following introduction of solid foods (weaning)","volume":"17","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac4263","article-title":"MUCOSAL IMMUNOLOGY. The microbiota regulates type 2 immunity through ROR\u03b3t+ T cells","volume":"349","author":"Ohnmacht","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.02.014","article-title":"A weaning reaction to microbiota is required for resistance to immunopathologies in the adult","volume":"50","author":"Al Nabhani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.03.006","article-title":"Arresting microbiome development limits immune system maturation and resistance to infection in mice","volume":"31","author":"Lubin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13149","article-title":"\u2018Layered immunity\u2019 and the \u2018neonatal window of opportunity\u2019 \u2013 timed succession of non-redundant phases to establish mucosal host\u2013microbial homeostasis after birth","volume":"159","author":"Hornef","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-08274-7","article-title":"Bifidobacterium deficit in United States infants drives prevalent gut dysbiosis","volume":"8","author":"Jarman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.011","article-title":"Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation","volume":"157","author":"Belkaid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.04.024","article-title":"The evolution and ecology of bacterial warfare","volume":"29","author":"Granato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adj3502","article-title":"Microbiome diversity protects against pathogens by nutrient blocking","volume":"382","author":"Spragge","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12300","article-title":"The enteric two-step: nutritional strategies of bacterial pathogens within the gut","volume":"16","author":"Ferreyra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5094","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40872-z","article-title":"Antibiotics promote intestinal growth of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae by enriching nutrients and depleting microbial metabolites","volume":"14","author":"Yip","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad9358","article-title":"Antibiotic use and its consequences for the normal microbiome","volume":"352","author":"Blaser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15252\/msb.202010116","article-title":"Towards a mechanistic understanding of reciprocal drug\u2013microbiome interactions","volume":"17","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Syst. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01107-x","article-title":"Longitudinal multi-omics analyses link gut microbiome dysbiosis with recurrent urinary tract infections in women","volume":"7","author":"Worby","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268820000618","article-title":"Enteric pathogens associated with gastroenteritis among children under 5 years in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"148","author":"Oppong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-025-02079-w","article-title":"Metagenomic signatures of extraintestinal bacterial infection in the febrile term infant gut microbiome","volume":"13","author":"DeVeaux","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0205","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota as a route for micronutrient bioavailability","volume":"20","author":"Hadadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocr. Metab. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011361","article-title":"Can we microbe-manage our vitamin acquisition for better health?","volume":"19","author":"Nysten","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1835","article-title":"Gut microbiome\u2013micronutrient interaction: the key to controlling the bioavailability of minerals and vitamins?","volume":"48","author":"Barone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.06.011","article-title":"Gut commensals expand vitamin A metabolic capacity of the mammalian host","volume":"30","author":"Bonakdar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1080\/003655202320378176","article-title":"Influence of short-chain fatty acids on iron absorption by proximal colon","volume":"37","author":"Bougl\u00e9","year":"2002","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.10.005","article-title":"Microbial metabolite signaling is required for systemic iron homeostasis","volume":"31","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aal4069","article-title":"The effects of micronutrient deficiencies on bacterial species from the human gut microbiota","volume":"9","author":"Hibberd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002533","article-title":"Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body","volume":"14","author":"Sender","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.010908.163145","article-title":"Stem cells, self-renewal, and differentiation in the intestinal epithelium","volume":"71","author":"van der Flier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0250","article-title":"Advances in intestinal epithelium and gut microbiota interaction","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-070119-115104","article-title":"interaction between the microbiota, epithelia, and immune cells in the intestine","volume":"38","author":"Kayama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.041","article-title":"From dietary fiber to host physiology: short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites","volume":"165","author":"Koh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906112107","article-title":"The bacterial signal indole increases epithelial-cell tight-junction resistance and attenuates indicators of inflammation","volume":"107","author":"Bansal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01014-8","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids: linking diet, the microbiome and immunity","volume":"24","author":"Mann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01295","article-title":"Zinc deficiency during pregnancy leads to altered microbiome and elevated inflammatory markers in mice","volume":"13","author":"Sauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO01123K","article-title":"Vitamin A inhibits the action of LPS on the intestinal epithelial barrier function and tight junction proteins","volume":"10","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12070900","article-title":"The impact of zinc and zinc homeostasis on the intestinal mucosal barrier and intestinal diseases","volume":"12","author":"Wan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09415","article-title":"Gut inflammation provides a respiratory electron acceptor for Salmonella","volume":"467","author":"Winter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010236","article-title":"A review of micronutrients and the immune system-working in harmony to reduce the risk of infection","volume":"12","author":"Gombart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.10.014","article-title":"Innate immune function by Toll-like receptors: distinct responses in newborns and the elderly","volume":"37","author":"Kollmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2024.12.006","article-title":"Role of the microbiome in regulation of the immune system","volume":"74","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Allergol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03727-5","article-title":"Acetate differentially regulates IgA reactivity to commensal bacteria","volume":"595","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6729","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27010-3","article-title":"Micronutrient supplements can promote disruptive protozoan and fungal communities in the developing infant gut","volume":"12","author":"Popovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5204","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49093-4","article-title":"Faecal microbiota of schoolchildren is associated with nutritional status and markers of inflammation: a double-blinded cluster-randomized controlled trial using multi-micronutrient fortified rice","volume":"15","author":"Seyoum","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.11.018","article-title":"Prebiotics increase iron absorption and reduce the adverse effects of iron on the gut microbiome and inflammation: a randomized controlled trial using iron stable isotopes in Kenyan infants","volume":"119","author":"Mikulic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8640","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53013-x","article-title":"Effects of iron supplements and iron-containing micronutrient powders on the gut microbiome in Bangladeshi infants: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Baldi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004600","article-title":"Endomicroscopic and transcriptomic analysis of impaired barrier function and malabsorption in environmental enteropathy","volume":"10","author":"Kelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00714-7","article-title":"Environmental enteric dysfunction: gut and microbiota adaptation in pregnancy and infancy","volume":"20","author":"Cowardin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665121000549","article-title":"The contribution of environmental enteropathy to the global problem of micronutrient deficiency","volume":"80","author":"Kelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-022-00899-x","article-title":"Nutritional deficiency in an intestine-on-a-chip recapitulates injury hallmarks associated with environmental enteric dysfunction","volume":"6","author":"Bein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2019.00120","article-title":"Early-life iron deficiency and subsequent repletion alters development of the colonic microbiota in the pig","volume":"6","author":"Knight","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.148643","article-title":"Iron depletion and repletion with ferrous sulfate or electrolytic iron modifies the composition and metabolic activity of the gut microbiota in rats","volume":"142","author":"Dostal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.1997.0072","article-title":"The Lactobacillus anomaly: total iron abstinence","volume":"40","author":"Weinberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Perspect. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307720","article-title":"Iron fortification adversely affects the gut microbiome, increases pathogen abundance and induces intestinal inflammation in Kenyan infants","volume":"64","author":"Jaeggi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6976.12086","article-title":"Nutritional iron turned inside out: intestinal stress from a gut microbial perspective","volume":"38","author":"Kortman","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.06.007","article-title":"Probiotic bacteria reduce Salmonella typhimurium intestinal colonization by competing for iron","volume":"14","author":"Deriu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.08.018","article-title":"Iron acquisition by a commensal bacterium modifies host nutritional immunity during Salmonella infection","volume":"31","author":"Spiga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abq5384","article-title":"Plasma iron controls neutrophil production and function","volume":"8","author":"Frost","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3465","article-title":"A missense mutation in TFRC, encoding transferrin receptor 1, causes combined immunodeficiency","volume":"48","author":"Jabara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2020.10.004","article-title":"Hepcidin-mediated hypoferremia disrupts immune responses to vaccination and infection","volume":"2","author":"Frost","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02307","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02307-20","article-title":"Dynamic gut microbiome changes in response to low-iron challenge","volume":"87","author":"Coe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01453-15","article-title":"Iron modulates butyrate production by a child gut microbiota in vitro","volume":"6","author":"Dostal","year":"2015","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.004564","article-title":"The effects of iron fortification on the gut microbiota in African children: a randomized controlled trial in Cote d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"92","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.01.024","article-title":"Effects of different complementary feeding regimens on iron status and enteric microbiota in breastfed infants","volume":"163","author":"Krebs","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9070776","article-title":"Iron in micronutrient powder promotes an unfavorable gut microbiota in Kenyan infants","volume":"9","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051566","article-title":"Multi-nutrient fortified dairy-based drink reduces anaemia without observed adverse effects on gut microbiota in anaemic malnourished Nigerian toddlers: a randomised dose-response study","volume":"13","author":"Owolabi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142895","article-title":"Alteration in gut microbiota associated with zinc deficiency in school-age children","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16091289","article-title":"Intestinal barrier impairment induced by gut microbiome and its metabolites in school-age children with zinc deficiency","volume":"16","author":"Chai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-024-05055-9","article-title":"Vitamin D and gut microbiome in preterm infants","volume":"24","author":"Marsubrin","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2019.10.020","article-title":"The effects of high doses of vitamin D on the composition of the gut microbiome of adolescent girls","volume":"35","author":"Tabatabaeizadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz034","article-title":"Neonatal vitamin A supplementation and vitamin A status are associated with gut microbiome composition in Bangladeshi infants in early infancy and at 2 years of age","volume":"149","author":"Huda","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-022-02615-w","article-title":"Fungal diversity in the gut microbiome of young South African children","volume":"22","author":"Nel Van Zyl","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-025-02001-y","article-title":"Iron at the crossroads of host\u2013microbiome interactions in health and disease","volume":"10","author":"Choi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00721-3","article-title":"The role of iron in host\u2013microbiota crosstalk and its effects on systemic glucose metabolism","volume":"18","author":"Mayneris-Perxachs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3390\/ph11040098","article-title":"Gut microbiota and iron: the crucial actors in health and disease","volume":"11","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/102.6.711","article-title":"Effect of microorganisms upon zinc metabolism using germfree and conventional rats","volume":"102","author":"Smith","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9768","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7125497","article-title":"Chronic zinc deficiency alters chick gut microbiota composition and function","volume":"7","author":"Reed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7016","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27297-2","article-title":"Siderophore-mediated zinc acquisition enhances enterobacterial colonization of the inflamed gut","volume":"12","author":"Behnsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.6.2536-2540.2000","article-title":"Role of volatile fatty acids in development of the cecal microflora in broiler chickens during growth","volume":"66","author":"van Der Wielen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1021\/pr050361j","article-title":"Counting the zinc-proteins encoded in the human genome","volume":"5","author":"Andreini","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9121286","article-title":"Zinc as a gatekeeper of immune function","volume":"9","author":"Wessels","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.5.1378S","article-title":"Dietary factors influencing zinc absorption","volume":"130","author":"L\u00f6nnerdal","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00745-6","article-title":"Nutritional immunity: the battle for nutrient metals at the host-pathogen interface","volume":"20","author":"Murdoch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4174","article-title":"Dietary zinc alters the microbiota and decreases resistance to Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"22","author":"Zackular","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1123933","article-title":"Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response","volume":"311","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8251","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7105392","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity by vitamin D","volume":"7","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370219867262","article-title":"Current evidence for vitamin D in intestinal function and disease","volume":"244","author":"Hassanshahi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.2310\/JIM.0b013e31821b8755","article-title":"Vitamin D and the immune system","volume":"59","author":"Aranow","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Investig. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1080\/10409238.2019.1611734","article-title":"Vitamin A and vitamin D regulate the microbial complexity, barrier function, and the mucosal immune responses to ensure intestinal homeostasis","volume":"54","author":"Cantorna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116600","article-title":"PEA-OXA restores cognitive impairments associated with vitamin D deficiency-dependent alterations of the gut microbiota","volume":"175","author":"Guida","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.04.004","article-title":"Lack of vitamin D receptor causes dysbiosis and changes the functions of the murine intestinal microbiome","volume":"37","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3695","article-title":"Genome-wide association analysis identifies variation in vitamin D receptor and other host factors influencing the gut microbiota","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7340","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64226-7","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor promotes healthy microbial metabolites and microbiome","volume":"10","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adh7954","article-title":"Vitamin D regulates microbiome-dependent cancer immunity","volume":"384","author":"Giampazolias","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5997","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19793-8","article-title":"Vitamin D metabolites and the gut microbiome in older men","volume":"11","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007750","article-title":"Vitamin A at the interface of host\u2013commensal\u2013pathogen interactions","volume":"15","author":"Iyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03543-4","article-title":"Vitamin A carotenoids, but not retinoids, mediate the impact of a healthy diet on gut microbial diversity","volume":"22","author":"Valdes","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2025.110235","article-title":"The effects of different forms of vitamin E on gut microbiota, mechanisms, and implications in disease prevention","volume":"150","author":"Jiang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.017","article-title":"Vitamin E alpha- and gamma-tocopherol mitigate colitis, protect intestinal barrier function and modulate the gut microbiota in mice","volume":"163","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00886-20","article-title":"Vitamin biosynthesis by human gut butyrate-producing bacteria and cross-feeding in synthetic microbial communities","volume":"11","author":"Soto-Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.04.005","article-title":"Infection leaves a genetic and functional mark on the gut population of a commensal bacterium","volume":"31","author":"Tawk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003681","article-title":"MAIT cells detect and efficiently lyse bacterially-infected epithelial cells","volume":"9","author":"Le Bourhis","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017_bb0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01519-3","article-title":"Multiple micronutrient deficiencies in early life cause multi-kingdom alterations in the gut microbiome and intrinsic antibiotic resistance genes in mice","volume":"8","author":"Littlejohn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Trends in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0966842X26002520?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0966842X26002520?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:50:44Z","timestamp":1790196644000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0966842X26002520"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":123,"alternative-id":["S0966842X26002520"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0966-842X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0966-842X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Micronutrients, the gut microbiota, and infection susceptibility in infants","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Trends in Microbiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tim.2026.08.017","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}