{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:36:42Z","timestamp":1791506202726,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,1]],"date-time":"2006-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1141171200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trends in Neurosciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,11]],"date-time":"2006-02-11T07:14:43Z","timestamp":1139642083000},"page":"148-159","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":658,"title":["Mapping brain maturation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Arthur W.","family":"Toga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth R.","family":"Sowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(79)90349-4","article-title":"Synaptic density in human frontal cortex \u2013 developmental changes and effects of aging","volume":"163","author":"Huttenlocher","year":"1979","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib2","series-title":"Regional Development of the Brain in Early Life","first-page":"3","article-title":"The myelogenetic cycles of regional maturation of the brain","author":"Yakovlev","year":"1967"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950060041004","article-title":"Myelination of a key relay zone in the hippocampal formation occurs in the human brain during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood","volume":"51","author":"Benes","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8174","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402680101","article-title":"Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood and adolescence","volume":"101","author":"Gogtay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1990.tb16956.x","article-title":"Late childhood changes in brain morphology observable with MRI","volume":"32","author":"Jernigan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/114.5.2037","article-title":"Maturation of human cerebrum observed in vivo during adolescence","volume":"114","author":"Jernigan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5409.1908","article-title":"Structural maturation of neural pathways in children and adolescents: in vivo study","volume":"283","author":"Paus","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1038\/13154","article-title":"In vivo evidence for post-adolescent brain maturation in frontal and striatal regions","volume":"2","author":"Sowell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1999.0436","article-title":"Localizing age-related changes in brain structure between childhood and adolescence using statistical parametric mapping","volume":"9","author":"Sowell","year":"1999","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11650","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.201243998","article-title":"Mapping adolescent brain change reveals dynamic wave of accelerated gray matter loss in very early-onset schizophrenia","volume":"98","author":"Thompson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1008","article-title":"Mapping cortical change across the human life span","volume":"6","author":"Sowell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8223","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1798-04.2004","article-title":"Longitudinal mapping of cortical thickness and brain growth in normal children","volume":"24","author":"Sowell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.071","article-title":"Mapping cortical change in Alzheimer's disease, brain development, and schizophrenia: special issue on mathematics in brain imaging","volume":"23","author":"Thompson","year":"2004","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1038\/13158","article-title":"Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study","volume":"2","author":"Giedd","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib15","series-title":"The Cytoarchitectonics of the Human Cerebral Cortex","author":"Von Economo","year":"1929"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8819","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-22-08819.2001","article-title":"Mapping continued brain growth and gray matter density reduction in dorsal frontal cortex: inverse relationships during postadolescent brain maturation","volume":"21","author":"Sowell","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib17","series-title":"Manual for the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children","author":"Wechsler","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858404263960","article-title":"Mapping changes in the human cortex throughout the span of life","volume":"10","author":"Sowell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05559.x","article-title":"A plasticity-based theory of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"924","author":"Mesulam","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-03-00994.2003","article-title":"Dynamics of gray matter loss in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"23","author":"Thompson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121611","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of brain anatomy","volume":"5","author":"Toga","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/35004593","article-title":"Growth patterns in the developing brain detected by using continuum-mechanical tensor maps","volume":"404","author":"Thompson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-198811000-00002","article-title":"Developmental stages of human brain: an MR study","volume":"12","author":"Martin","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Comp Assist Tomogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib24","first-page":"393","article-title":"Normal and abnormal patterns of myelin development of the fetal and infantile human brain using magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"6","author":"Grodd","year":"1993","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol. Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.13.1.8426929","article-title":"MR imaging of the developing human brain, part 1","volume":"13","author":"Hansen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib26","first-page":"71","article-title":"The research of myelinization of normal fetal brain with magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"111","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J. (Engl.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.784","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging of normal and injured developing human brain \u2013 a technical review","volume":"15","author":"Neil","year":"2002","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2004.04.004","article-title":"3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in newborns","volume":"132","author":"Gilmore","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s004290100198","article-title":"Probabilistic approaches for atlasing normal and disease-specific brain variability","volume":"204","author":"Toga","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol. (Berl.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11650","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.201243998","article-title":"Mapping adolescent brain change reveals dynamic wave of accelerated gray matter loss in very early\u2013onset schizophrenia","volume":"98","author":"Thompson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.174.3.196","article-title":"Schizophrenia \u2013 a disorder of the corollary discharge systems that integrate the motor systems of thought with the sensory systems of consciousness","volume":"174","author":"Feinberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3228","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.052023499","article-title":"Cortex mapping reveals regionally specific patterns of genetic and disease-specific gray-matter deficits in twins discordant for schizophrenia","volume":"99","author":"Cannon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.6.553","article-title":"Neurotoxicity, neuroplasticity, and magnetic resonance imaging morphometry: what is happening in the schizophrenic brain?","volume":"59","author":"Weinberger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.3.393","article-title":"White matter structural integrity in aging and Alzheimer's disease: a magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"60","author":"Bartzokis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lieberman, J.A. et al. (2005) HGDH Study Group (2005). Antipsychotic drug effects on brain morphology in first-episode psychosis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 62, 361\u2013370","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.4.361"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4146","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0165-05.2005","article-title":"Abnormal cortical complexity and thickness profiles mapped in Williams syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Thompson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib37","unstructured":"Holinger, D.P. et al. Relative sparing of primary auditory cortex in Williams syndrome. Brain Res. (in press)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2002.tb00813.x","article-title":"Increased gyrification in Williams syndrome: evidence using 3D MRI methods","volume":"44","author":"Schmitt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.3.589","article-title":"Volumetric MRI analysis comparing subjects having attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with normal controls","volume":"48","author":"Filipek","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200004000-00017","article-title":"Using MRI to examine brain\u2013behavior relationships in males with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity","volume":"39","author":"Semrud-Clikeman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sowell, E.R. et al. (2003b) Cortical abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet 362, 1699\u20131707","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14842-8"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)91092-1","article-title":"Recognition of the fetal alcohol syndrome in early infancy","volume":"2","author":"Jones","year":"1973","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib43","first-page":"79","article-title":"The fetal alcohol syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Jones","year":"1975","journal-title":"Addict. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03651.x","article-title":"A review of the neurobehavioral deficits in children with fetal alcohol syndrome or prenatal exposure to alcohol","volume":"22","author":"Mattson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162201000299","article-title":"Brain dysmorphology in individuals with severe prenatal alcohol exposure","volume":"43","author":"Archibald","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/12.8.856","article-title":"Regional brain shape abnormalities persist into adolescence after heavy prenatal alcohol exposure","volume":"12","author":"Sowell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04077.x","article-title":"Executive functioning in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure","volume":"23","author":"Mattson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370204700405","article-title":"Clinical implications of a link between fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"47","author":"O'Malley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1177\/088307389701200405","article-title":"Treatment of children with Williams syndrome with methylphenidate","volume":"12","author":"Bawden","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1038\/nn758","article-title":"Genetic influences on brain structure","volume":"4","author":"Thompson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007037","article-title":"Early and late neurodevelopmental influences in the prodrome to schizophrenia: contributions of genes, environment, and their interactions","volume":"29","author":"Cannon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6028","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0713-04.2004","article-title":"Structural abnormalities in the brains of human subjects who use methamphetamine","volume":"24","author":"Thompson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.09.022","article-title":"Brain structural mapping using a novel hybrid implicit\/explicit framework based on the level-set method","volume":"24","author":"Leow","year":"2005","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/12.1.17","article-title":"Mapping sulcal pattern asymmetry and local cortical surface gray matter distribution in vivo: maturation in perisylvian cortices","volume":"12","author":"Sowell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"}],"container-title":["Trends in Neurosciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0166223606000245?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0166223606000245?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,16]],"date-time":"2019-04-16T17:51:20Z","timestamp":1555437080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0166223606000245"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0166223606000245"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0166-2236"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0166-2236","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]}}}