{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T15:47:34Z","timestamp":1791906454118,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":179,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101087124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101087124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007397","name":"Univerzita Karlova v Praze","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRIMUS 22\/MED\/011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIMUS 22\/MED\/011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007397","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003243","name":"Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["00064203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00064203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003243","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007543","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura, Univerzita Karlova","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008599","name":"Alzheimerfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008599","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Neurosciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T12:42:44Z","timestamp":1788612164000},"page":"886-902","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatial navigation and the basal forebrain in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Martina","family":"Lacz\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ondrej","family":"Lerch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuzana","family":"Nedelska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Lacz\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00038-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"23","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0010","series-title":"Neurodegenerative Diseases: Clinical Aspects, Molecular Genetics and Biomarkers","author":"Galimberti","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0015","series-title":"Neurodegenerative Diseases: Unifying Principles","author":"Cummings","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0020","series-title":"Neurodegenerative Diseases","author":"Beart","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2013.09.029","article-title":"Cholinergic basal forebrain atrophy predicts amyloid burden in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"35","author":"Teipel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaf168","article-title":"Cholinergic degeneration in prodromal and early Parkinson\u2019s disease: a link to present and future disease states","volume":"149","author":"Eisenstein","year":"2026","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac013","article-title":"Longitudinal atrophy in prodromal dementia with Lewy bodies points to cholinergic degeneration","volume":"4","author":"Kantarci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102210","article-title":"Basal forebrain atrophy in frontotemporal dementia","volume":"26","author":"Convery","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-024-01466-z","article-title":"Combined in vivo MRI assessment of locus coeruleus and nucleus basalis of Meynert integrity in amnestic Alzheimer\u2019s disease, suspected-LATE and frontotemporal dementia","volume":"16","author":"Lagarde","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/59.4.308","article-title":"The cholinergic deficit coincides with Abeta deposition at the earliest histopathologic stages of Alzheimer disease","volume":"59","author":"Beach","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.12.1745","article-title":"Cortical cholinergic function is more severely affected in parkinsonian dementia than in Alzheimer disease: an in vivo positron emission tomographic study","volume":"60","author":"Bohnen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3690","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad192","article-title":"Severe cholinergic terminal loss in newly diagnosed dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"146","author":"Okkels","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab372","article-title":"Cholinergic white matter pathways in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"145","author":"Schumacher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-215034","article-title":"APOE \u025b4 allele moderates the association between basal forebrain nuclei volumes and allocentric navigation in older adults without dementia","volume":"86","author":"Lerch","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-025-00880-w","article-title":"Subregion-specific associations of the basal forebrain with sleep and cognition in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Park. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200093","article-title":"Spatial pattern separation in early Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"76","author":"Parizkova","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2005.09.005","article-title":"Spatial abilities at different scales: individual differences in aptitude-test performance and spatial-layout learning","volume":"34","author":"Hegarty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.886778","article-title":"Different profiles of spatial navigation deficits in Alzheimer\u2019s disease biomarker-positive versus biomarker-negative older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment","volume":"14","author":"Lacz\u00f3","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E861","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008758","article-title":"Real-space navigation testing differentiates between amyloid-positive and -negative aMCI","volume":"94","author":"Schoberl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109832","article-title":"Spatial navigation questionnaires as a supportive diagnostic tool in early Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Lacz\u00f3","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9285","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1901600116","article-title":"Toward personalized cognitive diagnostics of at-genetic-risk Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"116","author":"Coughlan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz116","article-title":"Differentiation of mild cognitive impairment using an entorhinal cortex-based test of virtual reality navigation","volume":"142","author":"Howett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213272","article-title":"Virtual navigation tested on a mobile app is predictive of real-world wayfinding navigation performance","volume":"14","author":"Coutrot","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00308809","article-title":"Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes","volume":"82","author":"Braak","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000214041","article-title":"Association of distinct initial \u03b2-amyloid levels with tau pathology expansion beyond the entorhinal cortex","volume":"105","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/59.8.733","article-title":"Sequence of Abeta-protein deposition in the human medial temporal lobe","volume":"59","author":"Thal","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001991","article-title":"Detailed comparison of amyloid PET and CSF biomarkers for identifying early Alzheimer disease","volume":"85","author":"Palmqvist","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0140","first-page":"89","article-title":"Neural correlates of spatial navigation changes in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Vl\u010dek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0031-x","article-title":"Spatial navigation deficits \u2013 overlooked cognitive marker for preclinical Alzheimer disease?","volume":"14","author":"Coughlan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2021.11.001","article-title":"Path integration in normal aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"Segen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106470","article-title":"The retrosplenial complex as an integration zone between self- and map-based components of spatial navigation and declarative memory: an activation likelihood estimation metanalysis","volume":"180","author":"Fragueiro","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106295","article-title":"Common brain areas in spatial navigation and visuo-spatial planning: a meta-analysis","volume":"176","author":"Pepe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06957","article-title":"Hippocampus-independent phase precession in entorhinal grid cells","volume":"453","author":"Hafting","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(71)90358-1","article-title":"The hippocampus as a spatial map. Preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat","volume":"34","author":"O\u2019Keefe","year":"1971","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01964","article-title":"Cellular networks underlying human spatial navigation","volume":"425","author":"Ekstr\u00f6m","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3466","article-title":"Direct recordings of grid-like neuronal activity in human spatial navigation","volume":"16","author":"Jacobs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2019.06.002","article-title":"Allocentric representations of space in the hippocampus","volume":"153","author":"Danjo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-025-01679-w","article-title":"Rotation errors in path integration are associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease tau pathology: a cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"Colmant","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1571429","article-title":"Virtual reality navigation for the early detection of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"Shima","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2023.06.016","article-title":"Spatial cognition is associated with levels of phosphorylated-tau and \u03b2-amyloid in clinically normal older adults","volume":"130","author":"Coughlan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.03.052","article-title":"Real-space path integration is impaired in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"307","author":"Mokrisova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-240347","article-title":"Path integration detects prodromal Alzheimer\u2019s disease and predicts cognitive decline","volume":"101","author":"Hanyu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2023.09.047","article-title":"Overestimation in angular path integration precedes Alzheimer\u2019s dementia","volume":"33","author":"Castegnaro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2626","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15805-9","article-title":"Sources of path integration error in young and aging humans","volume":"11","author":"Stangl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1007489","article-title":"Path integration in large-scale space and with novel geometries: comparing vector addition and encoding-error models","volume":"16","author":"Harootonian","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1177\/17470218211015796","article-title":"Cue combination in goal-oriented navigation","volume":"74","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Q. J. Exp. Psychol. (Hove)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba1394","article-title":"Unmasking selective path integration deficits in Alzheimer\u2019s disease risk carriers","volume":"6","author":"Bierbrauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac8128","article-title":"Reduced grid-cell-like representations in adults at genetic risk for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"350","author":"Kunz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2020.02.007","article-title":"Functional connectivity between the entorhinal and posterior cingulate cortices underpins navigation discrepancies in at-risk Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"90","author":"Coughlan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150855","article-title":"Spatial navigation in preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"52","author":"Allison","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acz019","article-title":"Developing a spatial navigation screening tool sensitive to the preclinical Alzheimer disease continuum","volume":"34","author":"Allison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2017.12.019","article-title":"The effect of Alzheimer\u2019s disease on spatial navigation strategies","volume":"64","author":"Parizkova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13151-8","article-title":"Spatial navigation deficits in early Alzheimer\u2019s disease: the role of biomarkers and APOE genotype","volume":"272","author":"Lacz\u00f3","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180432","article-title":"Allocentric and egocentric spatial processing in middle-aged adults at high risk of late-onset Alzheimer\u2019s disease: the PREVENT dementia study","volume":"65","author":"Ritchie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2013.00094","article-title":"Spatial navigation in young versus older adults","volume":"5","author":"Gazova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1037\/pag0000926","article-title":"Continuous updating via self-motion compensates for weak allocentric spatial memory in aging","volume":"40","author":"Castegnaro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.05.011","article-title":"Age differences in the neural systems supporting human allocentric spatial navigation","volume":"27","author":"Moffat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-017-0065-1","article-title":"Integrating new findings and examining clinical applications of pattern separation","volume":"21","author":"Leal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.09.014","article-title":"The operation of pattern separation and pattern completion processes associated with different attributes or domains of memory","volume":"37","author":"Hunsaker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abc0655","article-title":"The cortical origin and initial spread of medial temporal tauopathy in Alzheimer\u2019s disease assessed with positron emission tomography","volume":"13","author":"Sanchez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5200","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3579-13.2014","article-title":"Amyloid deposition is linked to aberrant entorhinal activity among cognitively normal older adults","volume":"34","author":"Huijbers","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz154","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s pathology targets distinct memory networks in the ageing brain","volume":"142","author":"Maass","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.774600","article-title":"Spatial pattern separation testing differentiates Alzheimer\u2019s disease biomarker-positive and biomarker-negative older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment","volume":"13","author":"Lacz\u00f3","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8742","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1165-22.2022","article-title":"Entorhinal\u2013hippocampal circuit integrity is related to mnemonic discrimination and amyloid-\u03b2 pathology in older adults","volume":"42","author":"Adams","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2015.04.011","article-title":"Spatial pattern separation differences in older adult carriers and non-carriers for the apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele","volume":"129","author":"Sheppard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.08.042","article-title":"Genetic Alzheimer\u2019s disease risk affects the neural mechanisms of pattern separation in hippocampal subfields","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1644-z","article-title":"Widespread tau seeding activity at early Braak stages","volume":"133","author":"Furman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.12.031","article-title":"Egocentric and allocentric memory as assessed by virtual reality in individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment","volume":"49","author":"Weniger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/79224","article-title":"Egocentric spatial memory deficit in amnestic mild cognitive impairment revealed through virtual reality: cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Tuena","year":"2026","journal-title":"JMIR Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1037\/pag0000927","article-title":"Age differences in spatial navigation stem from a preference for familiar routes rather than impaired landmark-dependent strategies","volume":"40","author":"Hill","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2004.05.004","article-title":"Measures of brain morphology and infarction in the Framingham Heart Study: establishing what is normal","volume":"26","author":"DeCarli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm016","article-title":"Different regional patterns of cortical thinning in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and frontotemporal dementia","volume":"130","author":"Du","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(02)00065-9","article-title":"Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Braak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0523-2","article-title":"Staging\/typing of Lewy body related alpha-synuclein pathology: a study of the BrainNet Europe Consortium","volume":"117","author":"Alafuzoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp178","article-title":"Spatial remapping of cortico-striatal connectivity in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Helmich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00095-3","article-title":"The well-worn route and the path less traveled: distinct neural bases of route following and wayfinding in humans","volume":"37","author":"Hartley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-202122","article-title":"Patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease show alteration in their visuospatial abilities and in their egocentric and allocentric spatial orientation measured by card placing tests","volume":"10","author":"Fernandez-Baizan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10616-4","article-title":"Subthalamic deep brain stimulation affects heading perception in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"269","author":"Beylergil","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095861","article-title":"Parkinson-related changes of activation in visuomotor brain regions during perceived forward self-motion","volume":"9","author":"van der Hoorn","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2015.10.019","article-title":"Dopamine modulation of spatial navigation memory in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"38","author":"Thurm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.12.020","article-title":"Spatial learning deficits in Parkinson\u2019s disease with and without mild cognitive impairment","volume":"36","author":"Schneider","year":"2017","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2018.03.003","article-title":"Do people with Parkinson\u2019s disease look at task relevant stimuli when walking? An exploration of eye movements","volume":"348","author":"Hunt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00139","article-title":"Striatal and hippocampal atrophy in idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease patients without dementia: a morphometric analysis","volume":"8","author":"Tanner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2014.00152","article-title":"Subclinical visuospatial impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease: the role of basal ganglia and limbic system","volume":"5","author":"Caproni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4448","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac084","article-title":"Interrelation of striatal dopamine, brain metabolism and cognition in dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"145","author":"Yoo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-022-01745-x","article-title":"Striatal dopaminergic depletion pattern reflects pathological brain perfusion changes in Lewy body diseases","volume":"24","author":"Iwabuchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26089","article-title":"The human posterior cingulate, retrosplenial, and medial parietal cortex effective connectome, and implications for memory and navigation","volume":"44","author":"Rolls","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-024-01349-8","article-title":"Visual dysfunction in dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"24","author":"Devenyi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh725","article-title":"What best differentiates Lewy body from Alzheimer\u2019s disease in early-stage dementia?","volume":"129","author":"Tiraboschi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0450","first-page":"449","article-title":"Differences in spatial navigation impairment in neurodegenerative dementias","volume":"77","author":"Cerman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cesk. Slov. Neurol. N."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44023","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-32554-1","article-title":"Visuospatial performance and its neural substrates in dementia with Lewy bodies during a pointing task","volume":"15","author":"Bosco","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr198","article-title":"Clinical and neuroanatomical signatures of tissue pathology in frontotemporal lobar degeneration","volume":"134","author":"Rohrer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-013-1238-y","article-title":"Sequential distribution of pTDP-43 pathology in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD)","volume":"127","author":"Brettschneider","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24559","article-title":"Deep clinical and neuropathological phenotyping of Pick disease","volume":"79","author":"Irwin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-51140-1_13","article-title":"Frontotemporal lobar degeneration TDP-43-immunoreactive pathological subtypes: clinical and mechanistic significance","volume":"1281","author":"Neumann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-020-00600-x","article-title":"In vivo staging of frontotemporal lobar degeneration TDP-43 type C pathology","volume":"12","author":"Bocchetta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2004.06.013","article-title":"Neural foundations of emerging route knowledge in complex spatial environments","volume":"21","author":"Wolbers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cogn. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.03.016","article-title":"Lost in spatial translation \u2013 a novel tool to objectively assess spatial disorientation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and frontotemporal dementia","volume":"67","author":"Tu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160592","article-title":"Egocentric versus allocentric spatial memory in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"59","author":"Tu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-100654","article-title":"Lost and found: bespoke memory testing for Alzheimer\u2019s disease and semantic dementia","volume":"21","author":"Pengas","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-141230","article-title":"More atrophy of deep gray matter structures in frontotemporal dementia compared to Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"44","author":"M\u00f6ller","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcae097","article-title":"Volumetric analysis of hippocampal subregions and subfields in left and right semantic dementia","volume":"6","author":"Carlos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0515","article-title":"Space in the brain: how the hippocampal formation supports spatial cognition","volume":"369","author":"Hartley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2056","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010602","article-title":"Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy in black and white decedents","volume":"95","author":"Nag","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-025-02200-y","article-title":"Specific atrophy patterns distinguish tau and TDP-43 pathology: a longitudinal MRI ante-mortem study","volume":"14","author":"Salman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz099","article-title":"Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE): consensus working group report","volume":"142","author":"Nelson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.717002","article-title":"The visuospatial and sensorimotor functions of posterior parietal cortex in drawing tasks: a review","volume":"13","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlab098","article-title":"Differences in symptomatic presentation and cognitive performance among participants with LATE-NC compared to FTLD-TDP","volume":"80","author":"Teylan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0545","article-title":"Encoding of visual objects in the human medial temporal lobe","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1162\/JOCN.a.73","article-title":"Scene-sensitive medial temporal lobe subregions are recruited for the integration of non-scene stimuli","volume":"38","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.25318","article-title":"Functional neuroanatomy of basal forebrain projections to the basolateral amygdala: transmitters, receptors, and neuronal subpopulations","volume":"102","author":"McDonald","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-19088-9.00009-3","article-title":"Organization of the basal forebrain cholinergic system in the human brain","volume":"211","author":"Geula","year":"2025","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2018.00047","article-title":"Function of selective neuromodulatory projections in the mammalian cerebral cortex: comparison between cholinergic and noradrenergic systems","volume":"12","author":"Rho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neural. Circuits"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902140206","article-title":"Cholinergic innervation of cortex by the basal forebrain: cytochemistry and cortical connections of the septal area, diagonal band nuclei, nucleus basalis (substantia innominata), and hypothalamus in the rhesus monkey","volume":"214","author":"Mesulam","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199907000-00010","article-title":"Functional acetylcholine muscarinic receptor subtypes in human brain microcirculation: identification and cellular localization","volume":"19","author":"Elhusseiny","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7427","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-11-07427.1995","article-title":"Cholinergic basal forebrain neurons project to cortical microvessels in the rat: electron microscopic study with anterogradely transported Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and choline acetyltransferase immunocytochemistry","volume":"15","author":"Vaucher","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(89)90370-4","article-title":"Stimulation of the nucleus basalis of Meynert increases cerebral cortical blood flow in rats","volume":"98","author":"Biesold","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1007\/s40473-020-00221-6","article-title":"New developments in cholinergic imaging in Alzheimer and Lewy body disorders","volume":"7","author":"Craig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Behav. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-015-0187-1","article-title":"Early neurone loss in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: cortical or subcortical?","volume":"3","author":"Arendt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.12.1791","article-title":"Phases of A\u03b2-deposition in the human brain and its relevance for the development of AD","volume":"58","author":"Thal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s004019900178","article-title":"Evolution of Alzheimer\u2019s disease-related cytoskeletal changes in the basal nucleus of Meynert","volume":"100","author":"Sassin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e31816a1df3","article-title":"Cholinergic neuronal and axonal abnormalities are present early in aging and in Alzheimer disease","volume":"67","author":"Geula","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.71050","article-title":"Mesial temporal tau pathology impacts basal forebrain degeneration in early Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Xia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.09.011","article-title":"Basal forebrain atrophy and cortical amyloid deposition in nondemented elderly subjects","volume":"10","author":"Grothe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhz224","article-title":"Atrophy of basal forebrain initiates with tau pathology in individuals at risk for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Cantero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-132345","article-title":"Subregional basal forebrain atrophy in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a multicenter study","volume":"40","author":"Kilimann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.101612","article-title":"Subregional volume reduction of the cholinergic forebrain in subjective cognitive decline (SCD)","volume":"21","author":"Scheef","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa012","article-title":"Basal forebrain volume reliably predicts the cortical spread of Alzheimer\u2019s degeneration","volume":"143","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Cabello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13249","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13249","article-title":"Basal forebrain degeneration precedes and predicts the cortical spread of Alzheimer\u2019s pathology","volume":"7","author":"Schmitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15226","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2261-13.2013","article-title":"Structural covariance of the default network in healthy and pathological aging","volume":"33","author":"Spreng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhv062","article-title":"Cognitive correlates of basal forebrain atrophy and associated cortical hypometabolism in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"26","author":"Grothe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp232","article-title":"Reduction of basal forebrain cholinergic system parallels cognitive impairment in patients at high risk of developing Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Grothe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410150503","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: neuron loss in the nucleus basalis without concomitant Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Nakano","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu193","article-title":"Hippocampal Lewy pathology and cholinergic dysfunction are associated with dementia in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"137","author":"Hall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27561","article-title":"Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging investigation of basal forebrain damage and cognitive deficits in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"34","author":"Gargouri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.104831","article-title":"Longitudinal degeneration of the basal forebrain predicts subsequent dementia in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"139","author":"Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-005-0004-1","article-title":"Depletion of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus of the medial septum and the vertical limb of the diagonal band in dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"111","author":"Fujishiro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.19070165","article-title":"Topography of cholinergic changes in dementia with Lewy bodies and key neural network hubs","volume":"32","author":"Kanel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlac079","article-title":"Resistance of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons to TDP-43 proteinopathy in primary progressive aphasia","volume":"81","author":"Dunlop","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1580","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007247","article-title":"Cortical cholinergic denervation in primary progressive aphasia with Alzheimer pathology","volume":"92","author":"Mesulam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15471","article-title":"Basal forebrain cholinergic system in the dementias: vulnerability, resilience, and resistance","volume":"158","author":"Geula","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2016.07.004","article-title":"Atrophy and structural covariance of the cholinergic basal forebrain in primary progressive aphasia","volume":"83","author":"Teipel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0715","first-page":"271","article-title":"Cholinergic depletion and basal forebrain volume in primary progressive aphasia","volume":"13","author":"Schaeverbeke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage (Amst.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq120","article-title":"Cholinergic imaging in corticobasal syndrome, progressive supranuclear palsy and frontotemporal dementia","volume":"133","author":"Hirano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-014-1302-2","article-title":"Differential clinicopathologic and genetic features of late-onset amnestic dementias","volume":"128","author":"Murray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlw014","article-title":"Hippocampal sclerosis but not normal aging or Alzheimer disease is associated with TDP-43 pathology in the basal forebrain of aged persons","volume":"75","author":"Cykowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15270","article-title":"Antemortem basal forebrain atrophy in pure limbic TAR DNA-binding protein 43 pathology compared with pure Alzheimer pathology","volume":"29","author":"Teipel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-016-4488-2","article-title":"Scopolamine disrupts place navigation in rats and humans: a translational validation of the Hidden Goal Task in the Morris water maze and a real maze for humans","volume":"234","author":"Lacz\u00f3","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110379285","article-title":"Scopolamine disrupts hippocampal activity during allocentric spatial memory in humans: an fMRI study using a virtual reality analogue of the Morris Water Maze","volume":"25","author":"Antonova","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1159\/000355517","article-title":"Effect of donepezil in Alzheimer disease can be measured by a computerized human analog of the Morris Water Maze","volume":"13","author":"Hort","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurodegener. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8164","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-20-08164.2001","article-title":"Selective immunolesions of cholinergic neurons in mice: effects on neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, and behavior","volume":"21","author":"Berger-Sweeney","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053472","article-title":"Lesions of the basal forebrain cholinergic system in mice disrupt idiothetic navigation","volume":"8","author":"Hamlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0765","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13535","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1411233111","article-title":"Optogenetic activation of septal cholinergic neurons suppresses sharp wave ripples and enhances theta oscillations in the hippocampus","volume":"111","author":"Vandecasteele","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0770","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112906","article-title":"Theta and gamma rhythmic coding through two spike output modes in the hippocampus during spatial navigation","volume":"42","author":"Lowet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1201685","article-title":"The spatial periodicity of grid cells is not sustained during reduced theta oscillations","volume":"332","author":"Koenig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0780","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2015.00185","article-title":"Basal forebrain atrophy contributes to allocentric navigation impairment in Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients","volume":"7","author":"Kerbler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0785","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-023-01233-6","article-title":"Spatial navigation is associated with subcortical alterations and progression risk in subjective cognitive decline","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0815","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2025.109350","article-title":"Fornix subdivisions and spatial learning: a diffusion MRI study","volume":"222","author":"Hodgetts","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0820","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-007-0032-z","article-title":"Neuromodulation by glutamate and acetylcholine can change circuit dynamics by regulating the relative influence of afferent input and excitatory feedback","volume":"36","author":"Giocomo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.1109","article-title":"Cholinergic system regulation of spatial representation by the hippocampus","volume":"12","author":"Ikonen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6020","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-36266-y","article-title":"Spatial pattern separation deficits in early Alzheimer\u2019s disease are comparable in humans and animal models","volume":"16","author":"Lacz\u00f3","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0835","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.70335","article-title":"Baseline regional cholinergic denervation predicts cognitive trajectories in moderate Parkinson disease","volume":"13","author":"Brown","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0840","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2022.114145","article-title":"Cognitive deficits and altered cholinergic innervation in young adult male mice carrying a Parkinson\u2019s disease Lrrk2G2019S knockin mutation","volume":"355","author":"Hussein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0845","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-320450","article-title":"Lower volume, more impairment: reduced cholinergic basal forebrain grey matter density is associated with impaired cognition in Parkinson disease","volume":"90","author":"Barrett","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0850","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1177\/1877718X251396322","article-title":"Association of dopamine depletion and cholinergic basal forebrain atrophy with brain metabolism and cognition in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0855","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-021-00481-0","article-title":"Cholinergic basal forebrain and hippocampal structure influence visuospatial memory in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Berlot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0860","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-014-7439-z","article-title":"Atrophy of the cholinergic basal forebrain in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer\u2019s disease dementia","volume":"261","author":"Grothe","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0865","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14123","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0801-15.2015","article-title":"Hippocampal volume reduction in humans predicts impaired allocentric spatial memory in virtual-reality navigation","volume":"35","author":"Guderian","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2010.04.004","article-title":"Advances in perfusion magnetic resonance imaging in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0795","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-019-0473-4","article-title":"Brain glucose metabolism in Lewy body dementia: implications for diagnostic criteria","volume":"11","author":"Caminiti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0800","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2873","article-title":"Prion-like transmission of protein aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"11","author":"Brundin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0805","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2019.05.009","article-title":"FTD spectrum: neuroimaging across the FTD spectrum","volume":"165","author":"Whitwell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2022.05.009","article-title":"Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy neuropathological change (LATE-NC) is associated with lower R2 relaxation rate: an ex-vivo MRI and pathology investigation","volume":"117","author":"Tazwar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0870","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease drug development pipeline: 2026","volume":"12","author":"Cummings","year":"2026","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement. Transl. Res. Clin. Interv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0875","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2024.36","article-title":"Phase 2A learnings incorporated into Rewind-LB, a phase 2B clinical trial of neflamapimod in dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"11","author":"Prins","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0880","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.11.033","article-title":"The evolving landscape of Alzheimer\u2019s disease therapy: from A\u03b2 to tau","volume":"188","author":"Courade","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0885","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12770-x","article-title":"An update on immune-based alpha-synuclein trials in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"272","author":"Alfaidi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0890","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2021.1916913","article-title":"Dementia with Lewy bodies: emerging drug targets and therapeutics","volume":"30","author":"Pope","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005_bb0895","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-240058","article-title":"Addressing the discrepancies between animal models and human Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology: implications for translational research","volume":"98","author":"Polis","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."}],"container-title":["Trends in Neurosciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0166223626001657?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0166223626001657?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T15:10:54Z","timestamp":1791904254000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0166223626001657"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":179,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0166223626001657"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0166-2236"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0166-2236","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Spatial navigation and the basal forebrain in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Trends in Neurosciences","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2026.08.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}