{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T13:20:02Z","timestamp":1777900802980,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]],"date-time":"2006-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1154390400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxicology in Vitro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,11]],"date-time":"2006-01-11T14:36:57Z","timestamp":1136990217000},"page":"535-546","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Cell culture models for the investigation of NRTI-induced mitochondrial toxicity."],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Doris","family":"H\u00f6schele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1086\/381678","article-title":"The cellular pharmacology of nucleoside- and nucleotide-analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitors and its relationship to clinical toxicities","volume":"38","author":"Anderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(97)05376-8","article-title":"Cellular and mitochondrial toxicity of zidovudine (AZT), didanosine (ddI) and zalcitabine (ddC) on cultured human muscle cells","volume":"149","author":"Benbrik","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.3.716-723.2002","article-title":"Assessment of mitochondrial toxicity in human cells treated with tenofovir: comparison with other nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors","volume":"46","author":"Birkus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)07219-0","article-title":"Persistent mitochondrial dysfunction and perinatal exposure to antiretroviral nucleoside analogues","volume":"354","author":"Blanche","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199814000-00004","article-title":"Adverse effects of reverse transcriptase inhibitors: mitochondrial toxicity as a common pathway","volume":"12","author":"Brinkman","year":"1998","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02854-3","article-title":"Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy","volume":"356","author":"Carr","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1086\/429412","article-title":"Infection with HIV-1 induces decrease in mtDNA","volume":"191","author":"Casula","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(01)00713-4","article-title":"Early effects of AZT on mitochondrial functions in the absence of mitochondrial DNA depletion in rat myotubes","volume":"62","author":"Cazzalini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochemical Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib9","first-page":"625","article-title":"Effect of anti-human immunodeficiency virus nucleoside analogs on mitochondrial DNA and its implication for delayed toxicity","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Molecular Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1177\/095632029500600403","article-title":"Kinetic interaction of the diphosphates of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine and other anti-HIV active purine congeners with HIV reverse transcriptase and human polymerase \u03b1, \u03b2 and \u03b3","volume":"6","author":"Cherrington","year":"1995","journal-title":"Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1177\/095632029700800302","article-title":"Incorporation of selected nucleoside phosphonates and anti-human immunodeficiency virus nucleotide analogues into DNA by human DNA polymerases \u03b1, \u03b2 and \u03b3","volume":"8","author":"Cihlar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200401230-00002","article-title":"Antiretroviral nucleoside and nucleotide analogues and mitochondria","volume":"18","author":"Cossarizza","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012035","article-title":"Changes in mitochondrial DNA as a marker of nucleoside toxicity in HIV-infected patients","volume":"346","author":"Cote","year":"2002","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)36520-6","article-title":"Effect of nucleoside analogs on neurite regeneration and mitochondrial DNA synthesis in PC-12 cells","volume":"280","author":"Cui","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-7249(02)00003-X","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and antiretroviral nucleoside analog toxicities: what is the evidence?","volume":"1","author":"Dagan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib16","first-page":"169","article-title":"Could mitochondrial DNA quantification be a surrogate marker for drug mitochondrial toxicity?","volume":"6","author":"De Mendoza","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1089\/088922204322996491","article-title":"Changes in mitochondrial DNA copy number in blood cells from HIV-infected patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy","volume":"20","author":"De Mendoza","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2656","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra022567","article-title":"Mitochondrial respiratory-chain diseases","volume":"348","author":"DiMauro","year":"2003","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05494.x","article-title":"A comparison of genetic mitochondrial disease and nucleoside analogue toxicity","volume":"918","author":"Haas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annals New York Academy of Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.36.8.1688","article-title":"Effects of (\u2212)-2\u2032-Deoxy-3\u2032-thiacytidine (3TC)5\u2032-triphosphate on human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase and mammalian DNA polymerases alpha, beta, and gamma","volume":"36","author":"Hart","year":"1992","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40847","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M106743200","article-title":"Toxicity of antiviral nucleoside analogs and the human mitochondrial DNA polymerase","volume":"276","author":"Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(00)90004-3","article-title":"Pharmacology of nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor-induced mitochondrial toxicity","volume":"22","author":"Kakuda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clinical Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010618627594","article-title":"Differential effects of nucleoside analogs on oxidative phosphorylation in human pancreatic cells","volume":"46","author":"Lake-Bakaar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Digestive Diseases and Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2728(98)00105-4","article-title":"Interactions between bioenergetics and mitochondrial biogenesis","volume":"1365","author":"Leary","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14711","DOI":"10.1021\/bi035596s","article-title":"Toxicity of nucleoside analogues used to treat AIDS and the selectivity of the mitochondrial DNA polymerase","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3780288","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA depletion, oxidative stress, and mutation: mechanisms of dysfunction from nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors","volume":"81","author":"Lewis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Laboratory Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1201","article-title":"Mitochondrial toxicity of NRTI antiviral drugs: an integrated cellular perspective","volume":"2","author":"Lewis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0595-417","article-title":"Mitochondrial toxicity of antiviral drugs","volume":"1","author":"Lewis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23616","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M101114200","article-title":"Differential incorporation and removal of antiviral deoxynucleotides by human DNA polymerase \u03b3","volume":"276","author":"Lim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1385\/CT:4:3:217","article-title":"Direct, DNA pol-\u03b3 -independent effects of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors on mitochondrial bioenergetics","volume":"4","author":"Lund","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cardiovascular Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2743","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.12.2743","article-title":"Effects of antiviral nucleoside analogues on human DNA polymerases and mitochondrial DNA synthesis","volume":"38","author":"Martin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00126-4","article-title":"Zidovudine-induced experimental myopathy; dual mechanism of mitochondrial damage","volume":"166","author":"Masini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.8.1824","article-title":"Comparison of mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial DNA content and cell viability in cultured cells treated with three anti-human immunodeficiency virus dideoxynucleotides","volume":"38","author":"Medina","year":"1994","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S51","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200304001-00008","article-title":"HIV and direct damage of organs: disease spectrum before and during the highly active antiretroviral therapy era","volume":"17","author":"Moroni","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(00)80064-8","article-title":"Clinical manifestation and management of antiretroviral nucleoside analog-related mitochondrial toxicity","volume":"22","author":"Moyle","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clinical Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200023060-00001","article-title":"Toxicity of antiretroviral nucleoside and nucleotide analogues. Is mitochondrial toxicity the only mechanism?","volume":"23","author":"Moyle","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib37","first-page":"45","article-title":"Mitochondrial toxicity: myths and facts","volume":"9","author":"Moyle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of HIV Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.3.496-503.2000","article-title":"Differential effects of antiretroviral nucleoside analogs on mitochondrial function in HepG2 cells","volume":"44","author":"Pan-Zhou","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherpapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib39","first-page":"166","article-title":"Hepatoma HepG2 cells as a model for in vitro studies on mitochondrial toxicity of antiviral drugs: which correlation with the patient","volume":"17","author":"Pinti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200306010-00010","article-title":"Long-term mitochondrial toxicity in HIV-uninfected infants born to HIV-infected mothers","volume":"33","author":"Poirier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Aquired Immune Deficiency Sydromes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0703-867","article-title":"Twenty years of therapy for HIV-1 infection","volume":"9","author":"Pomerantz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2004.12.010","article-title":"Activity profiles of deoxynucleoside kinases and 5\u2032-nucleotidases in cultured adipocytes and myoblastic cells: insights into mitochondrial toxicity of nucleoside analogs","volume":"69","author":"Rylova","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochemical Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350100603S01","article-title":"An introduction to nucleoside and nucleotide analogues","volume":"6","author":"Squires","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antiviral Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib44","first-page":"93","article-title":"AZT inhibition of the ADP\/ATP antiport in isolated rat heart mitochondria","volume":"6","author":"Valenti","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041520323","article-title":"Relationship between culture conditions and the dependency on mitochondrial function of mammalian cell proliferation","volume":"152","author":"Van den Bogert","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Cellular Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200211080-00009","article-title":"Increased long-term mitochondrial toxicity in combinations of nucleoside analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitors","volume":"16","author":"Walker","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib47","first-page":"32","article-title":"Update on mitochondrial toxicity: where are we now?","volume":"8","author":"Walker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of HIV Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1515\/BC.2002.030","article-title":"Cultivation in glucose-deprived medium stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism in HepG2 cells","volume":"383","author":"Weber","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biological Chemistry"}],"container-title":["Toxicology in Vitro"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0887233305002602?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0887233305002602?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T01:53:57Z","timestamp":1736214837000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0887233305002602"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0887233305002602"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.11.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0887-2333"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0887-2333","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]}}}