{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T04:04:37Z","timestamp":1771560277288,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]],"date-time":"2011-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1296518400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxicology in Vitro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,21]],"date-time":"2010-10-21T09:32:30Z","timestamp":1287653550000},"page":"358-367","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Specific activation of human neutrophils by scorpion venom: A flow cytometry assessment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Adolfo","family":"Borges","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huub J.M.","family":"Op den Camp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan B.","family":"De Sanctis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S195","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000057843.47705.E8","article-title":"Neutrophils and acute lung injury","volume":"31","author":"Abraham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0707492","article-title":"Neutrophil granulocytes uniquely express, among human blood cells, high levels of methionine\u2013sulfoxide\u2013reductase enzymes","volume":"83","author":"Achilli","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Leukocyte Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0015","first-page":"15","article-title":"Escorpionismo en Venezuela: una aproximaci\u00f3n molecular, inmunol\u00f3gica y epidemiol\u00f3gica para su estudio","volume":"69","author":"Borges","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Fac. Farm. (Caracas)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0020","first-page":"269","article-title":"Pancreatic toxicity in mice elicited by Tityus discrepans and Tityus zulianus scorpion venoms","volume":"45","author":"Borges","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest. Cl\u00edn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2005.10.011","article-title":"Diversity of long-chain toxins in Tityus zulianus and Tityus discrepans venoms (Scorpiones, Buthidae): molecular, immunological, and mass spectral analyses","volume":"142C","author":"Borges","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2007.08.006","article-title":"Characterization of Tityus scorpion venoms using synaptosome binding assays and reactivity towards Venezuelan and Brazilian Antivenoms","volume":"51","author":"Borges","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.09.011","article-title":"Molecular systematics of the neotropical scorpion genus Tityus (Buthidae): the historical biogeography and venom antigenic diversity of toxic Venezuelan species","volume":"55","author":"Borges","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2010.06.008","article-title":"Envenomation by the scorpion Tityus breweri in the Guayana Shield, Venezuela: report of a case, efficacy and reactivity of antivenom, and proposal for a toxinological partitioning of the Venezuelan scorpion fauna","volume":"21","author":"Borges","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wilderness Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.67.4.515","article-title":"Scorpion venom-induced neutrophilia is inhibited by a PAF receptor antagonist in the rat","volume":"67","author":"Borges","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Leukocyte Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0050","first-page":"77","article-title":"Isolation of mononuclear cells and granulocytes from human blood","volume":"21","author":"B\u00f8yum","year":"1968","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1995.1062","article-title":"Neutrophil degranulation and superoxide production induced by polychlorinated biphenyls are calcium dependent","volume":"131","author":"Brown","year":"1995","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7847","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)34459-4","article-title":"Direct activation of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase by tumor-promoting phorbol esters","volume":"257","author":"Castagna","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000097769.47306.12","article-title":"Regulation of superoxide anion production by NADPH oxidase in monocytes\/macrophages: contributions to atherosclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Cathcart","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.05.021","article-title":"Epidemiology of scorpionism: a global appraisal","volume":"107","author":"Chippaux","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2007.04.009","article-title":"Platelet activating factor receptors drive CXC chemokine production, neutrophil influx and edema formation in the lungs of mice injected with Tityus serrulatus venom","volume":"50","author":"Coelho","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0075","first-page":"751","article-title":"High density Ficoll-Hypaque as an alternative method of eosinophil purification","volume":"25","author":"Conesa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4889(92)90200-U","article-title":"Activation of the oxygen-radical-generating system in granules of intact human neutrophils by a calcium ionophore (ionomycin)","volume":"1137","author":"Dahlgren","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(98)00174-3","article-title":"Acute myocarditis following Tityus trinitatis envenoming: morphological and pathophysiological characteristics","volume":"37","author":"Daisley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-79302000000200002","article-title":"An epidemiological review of scorpion stings in Venezuela: the northeastern region","volume":"6","author":"De Sousa","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Venom. Anim. Toxins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/24.6.885","article-title":"Maleimide as an inhibitor in measurement of erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity","volume":"24","author":"Deutsch","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.1.83","article-title":"The Rac target NADPH oxidase p67phox interacts preferentially with Rac2 rather than Rac1","volume":"271","author":"Dorseuil","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.08.021","article-title":"Histopathological changes and inflammatory response induced by Tityus discrepans scorpion venom in rams","volume":"44","author":"D\u2019Suze","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0115","first-page":"749","article-title":"Rapid single-step method for purification of polymorphonuclear leucocytes from blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"47","author":"Ferrante","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(87)81353-4","article-title":"Calcium ionophore A23187 enhances human neutrophil superoxide release, stimulated by phorbol dibutyrate, by converting phorbol ester receptors from a low- to high-affinity state","volume":"212","author":"French","year":"1987","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(02)00208-8","article-title":"Increased plasma levels of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-\u03b1 in patients moderately or severely envenomed by Tityus serrulatus scorpion sting","volume":"41","author":"Fukuhara","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.71.4.611","article-title":"Capacitative Ca+2 influx and activation of the neutrophil respiratory burst. Different regulation of plasma membrane and granule-localized NADPH-oxidase","volume":"71","author":"Granfeldt","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Leukocyte Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2008.02958.x","article-title":"Eosinophils: biological properties and role in health and disease","volume":"38","author":"Hogan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1089\/152308602753625852","article-title":"Assembly and activation of the neutrophil NADPH oxidase in granule membranes","volume":"4","author":"Karlsson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.67.3.396","article-title":"Phorbol myristate acetate induces neutrophil NADPH-oxidase activity by two separate signal transduction pathways: dependent or independent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase","volume":"67","author":"Karlsson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Leukocyte Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1159\/000085429","article-title":"Differential role of an atypical protein kinase C, PKC \u03b6, in regulation of human eosinophil and neutrophil functions","volume":"137","author":"Kato","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2670","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.5.2670","article-title":"Divergence of mechanisms regulating respiratory burst in blood and sputum eosinophils and neutrophils from atopic subjects","volume":"170","author":"Lacy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1997.d01-888.x","article-title":"Low density lipoprotein receptor expression and function in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes","volume":"107","author":"Lara","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6","article-title":"Protein measurement with the Folin-phenol reagent","volume":"193","author":"Lowry","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0165","first-page":"343","article-title":"Involvement of multiple kinases in neutrophils activation","volume":"19","author":"Lu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Blood Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401320","article-title":"Functional characterization of mitochondria in neutrophils: a role restricted to apoptosis","volume":"11","author":"Maianski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(02)00145-9","article-title":"Sympathetic nervous system activation, antivenin administration and cardiovascular manifestations of scorpion envenomation","volume":"40","author":"Mazzei de D\u00e1vila","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5768","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)91080-X","article-title":"The NADPH oxidase of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Evidence for regulation by multiple signals","volume":"259","author":"McPhail","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2006.06.011","article-title":"Participation of superoxide in neutrophil activation and cytokine production","volume":"1762","author":"Mitra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4799","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1033.2002.03177.x","article-title":"Antibacterial and antifungal properties of alpha-helical, cationic peptides in the venom of scorpions from southern Africa","volume":"269","author":"Moerman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/01.moh.0000190113.31027.d5","article-title":"Neutrophil granule contents in the pathogenesis of lung injury","volume":"13","author":"Moraes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Hematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.02.002","article-title":"Effects of Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom on lung mechanics and inflammation in mice","volume":"53","author":"Paneque Peres","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/09629350210308","article-title":"Effect of Tityus serrulatus venom on cytokine production and the activity of murine macrophages","volume":"11","author":"Petricevich","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1155\/MI.2005.39","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of the Tityus serrulatus venom on murine macrophage functions in vitro","volume":"24","author":"Petricevich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/09622935020138811","article-title":"The dynamics of cytokine and nitric oxide secretion in mice injected with Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom","volume":"11","author":"Petricevich","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2007.06.001","article-title":"Toxin gamma from Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom plays an essential role in immunomodulation of macrophages","volume":"50","author":"Petricevich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2008.03754.x","article-title":"Macrophage activation, phagocytosis and intracellular calcium oscillations induced by scorpion toxins from Tityus serrulatus","volume":"154","author":"Petricevich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Possani, L.D., Rodr\u00edguez de la Vega, R.C., 2006. Scorpion venom peptides. In: Kastin, A.J. (Ed.), The Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 339\u2013354.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012369442-3\/50054-4"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2006.10.024","article-title":"The antimicrobial peptide parabutoporin competes with p47phox as a PKC-substrate and inhibits NADPH oxidase in human neutrophils","volume":"580","author":"Remijsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.43.2.158","article-title":"Mannose inhibits the human neutrophil oxidative burst","volume":"43","author":"Rest","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Leukocyte Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0804442","article-title":"Structural organization of the neutrophil NADPH oxidase: phosphorylation and translocation during priming and activation","volume":"78","author":"Sheppard","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Leukocyte Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1997.0252","article-title":"Study on the superoxide-producing enzyme of eosinophils and neutrophils \u2013 comparison of the NADPH oxidase components","volume":"345","author":"Someya","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(99)00148-9","article-title":"The use of flow cytometry to measure neutrophil function","volume":"232","author":"van Eeden","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Meth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-002-8520-9","article-title":"The superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase: structural aspects and activation mechanism","volume":"59","author":"Vignais","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)08889-3","article-title":"Kinetic analysis of protein kinase C inhibition by staurosporine: evidence that inhibition entails inhibitor binding at a conserved region of the catalytic domain but not competition with substrates","volume":"41","author":"Ward","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.61.6.703","article-title":"Complex regulation of human neutrophil activation by actin filaments: dihydrocytochalasin B and botulinum C2 toxin uncover the existence of multiple cation entry pathways","volume":"61","author":"Wenzel-Seifert","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Leukocyte Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(02)00183-6","article-title":"Cationic peptides from scorpion venom can stimulate and inhibit polymorphonuclear granulocytes","volume":"40","author":"Willems","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/15216540500058899","article-title":"Scorpion venom peptides without disulfide bridges","volume":"57","author":"Zeng","year":"2005","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40788","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M302208200","article-title":"Human monocytes use Rac1, not Rac2, in the NADPH oxidase complex","volume":"42","author":"Zhao","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i17.2094","article-title":"Acute lung injury and ARDS in acute pancreatitis: mechanisms and potential intervention","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."}],"container-title":["Toxicology in Vitro"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0887233310002675?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0887233310002675?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:38:31Z","timestamp":1740616711000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0887233310002675"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0887233310002675"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.10.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0887-2333"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0887-2333","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]}}}