{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T07:39:32Z","timestamp":1783582772161,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicology in Vitro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]],"date-time":"2021-05-19T12:12:10Z","timestamp":1621426330000},"page":"105196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Diethylene glycol and its metabolites induce cell death in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells in vitro"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Kristi J.","family":"Reed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dylan T.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg M.","family":"Landry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-57875","article-title":"Delayed neurologic sequelae resulting from epidemic diethylene glycol poisoning","volume":"43","author":"Alfred","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3390\/ph11020041","article-title":"Mitoxantrone is more toxic than doxorubicin in SH-SY5Y human cells: a \u2018chemobrain\u2019 in vitro study","volume":"11","author":"Almeida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TX00043A","article-title":"In vitro models for neurotoxicology research","volume":"4","author":"Barbosa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfq167","article-title":"Inhibition of metabolism of diethylene glycol prevents target organ toxicity in rats","volume":"117","author":"Besenhofer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfr197","article-title":"Role of tissue metabolite accumulation in the renal toxicity of diethylene glycol","volume":"123","author":"Besenhofer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4678","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-13-04678.2001","article-title":"Caspase-activated DNase\/DNA fragmentation factor 40 mediates apoptotic DNA fragmentation in transient cerebral ischemia and in neuronal cultures","volume":"21","author":"Cao","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-018-9924-0","article-title":"Cytotoxic effects of 3,4-catechol-PV (one major MDPV metabolite) on human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells","volume":"35","author":"Coccini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.02.005","article-title":"Dual effects of doxazosin: anticancer activity on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and neuroprotection on an in vitro model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"404","author":"Coelho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.344","article-title":"Long-term renal and neurologic outcomes among survivors of diethylene glycol poisoning","volume":"174","author":"Conklin","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2016.1162312","article-title":"Diglycolic acid, the toxic metabolite of diethylene glycol, chelates calcium and produces renal mitochondrial dysfunction in vitro","volume":"54","author":"Conrad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230701320337","article-title":"Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death","volume":"35","author":"Elmore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2011.05.019","article-title":"Mechanisms of methylmercury-induced neurotoxicity: evidence from experimental studies","volume":"89","author":"Farina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14433","article-title":"The synergistic and neuroprotective effects of alcohol-antioxidant treatment on blood-brain barrier endothelial cells","volume":"44","author":"Fisher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-018-9913-3","article-title":"Protective effects of donepezil against alcohol-induced toxicity in cell culture: role of caspase-3","volume":"34","author":"Getachew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00394.x","article-title":"1,20bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N\u2019,N\u2019-tetraacetic acid induces caspase-mediated apoptosis and reactive oxygen species-mediated necrosis in cultured cortical neurons","volume":"78","author":"Han","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fml040","article-title":"Fatal encephalopathy and renal failure caused by diethylene glycol poisoning","volume":"56","author":"Hari","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000156804.07265.1A","article-title":"Encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy following diethylene glycol ingestion","volume":"64","author":"Hasbani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000062","article-title":"Neurological manifestation of recreational fatal and near-fatal diethylene glycol poisonings","volume":"93","author":"Imam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Medicine."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0095","first-page":"1","article-title":"Neurotoxic effects of nephrotoxic compound diethylene glycol","author":"Jamison","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2015.09.002","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce lipoxygenase-mediated apoptosis and necrosis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells","volume":"90","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfr204","article-title":"Diglycolic acid is the nephrotoxic metabolite in diethylene glycol poisoning inducing necrosis in human proximal tubule cells in vitro","volume":"124","author":"Landry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.06.231","article-title":"Diglycolic acid inhibits succinate dehydrogenase activity in human proximal tubule cells leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death","volume":"3","author":"Landry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2014.12.010","article-title":"Diethylene glycol-induced toxicities show marked threshold dose response in rats","volume":"282","author":"Landry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.3109\/00498258909043154","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of diethylene glycol and ethylene glycol in the rat","volume":"19","author":"Lenk","year":"1989","journal-title":"Xenobiotica."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.185","article-title":"Mercury bioaccumulation and its toxic effects in rats fed with methylmercury polluted rice","volume":"633","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0135","first-page":"3","article-title":"Apoptosis, oncosis, and necrosis an overview of cell death","volume":"146","author":"Majno","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2007.06.025","article-title":"Diethylene glycol: widely used solvent presents serious poisoning potential","volume":"35","author":"Marraffa","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-9556(25)09038-5","article-title":"Metabolism and disposition of diethylene glycol in rat and dog","volume":"19","author":"Mathews","year":"1991","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2018.06.006","article-title":"Diglycolic acid induces HepG2\/C3A liver cell toxicity in vitro","volume":"52","author":"Mossoba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. in Vitro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2016.08.001","article-title":"Participation of protein kinases in cytotoxic and proapoptotic effects of ethylene glycol ethers and their metabolites in SH-SY5Y cells","volume":"2016","author":"Pomierny","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. in Vitro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2016.1271128","article-title":"In-vivo evidence of nephrotoxicity and altered hepatic function in rats following administration of diglycolic acid, a metabolite of diethylene glycol","volume":"55","author":"Robinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000032498.65787.8D","article-title":"Fulminant ascending paralysis as a delayed sequela of diethylene glycol (Sterno) ingestion","volume":"59","author":"Rollins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.06.038","article-title":"Brain methylmercury uptake in fetal, neonate, weanling, and adult rats","volume":"167","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650903086444","article-title":"Diethylene glycol poisoning","volume":"47","author":"Schep","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2013.850504","article-title":"Characterizing concentrations of diethylene glycol and suspected metabolites in human serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid samples from the Panama DEG mass poisoning","volume":"51","author":"Schier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2010.10.046","article-title":"Secondary necrosis: the natural outcome of the complete apoptotic program","volume":"584","author":"Silva","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2007.04.025","article-title":"Distribution of Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin in the brains of acutely intoxicated mice and its effect upon glial cells","volume":"50","author":"Soler-Jover","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2013.12.011","article-title":"Clinical, laboratory, diagnostic, and histopathologic features of diethylene glycol poisoning\u2014Panama, 2006","volume":"64","author":"Sosa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.03.047","article-title":"28-day repeated dose response study of diglycolic acid: renal and hepatic effects","volume":"2017","author":"Sprando","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0205","article-title":"Transendothelial transport and its role in therapeutics","volume":"2014","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Sch. Res. Notices."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-019-00123-4","article-title":"Fatal poisoning with diethylene glycol in an unusual setting","author":"Wittschieber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Med. Pathol."}],"container-title":["Toxicology in Vitro"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0887233321001211?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0887233321001211?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:38:33Z","timestamp":1760135913000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0887233321001211"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S0887233321001211"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196","relation":{},"ISSN":["0887-2333"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0887-2333","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Diethylene glycol and its metabolites induce cell death in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells in vitro","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Toxicology in Vitro","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tiv.2021.105196","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105196"}}