{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T09:15:20Z","timestamp":1775207720492,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":366,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009192","name":"Alberta Innovates","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009192","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010090","name":"Women and Children&apos;s Health Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019889","name":"Weston Family Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019889","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PS 156069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PS 156069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T20:37:37Z","timestamp":1688071057000},"page":"2585-2597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Maternal Iron Status Is Dynamic Throughout Pregnancy and Might Predict Birth Outcomes in a Sex Dependent Manner: Results from the Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition (APrON) Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"153","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4217-9144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenna L.","family":"Evanchuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Kozyrskyj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Hanas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Goruk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elnaz","family":"Vaghef-Mehrabani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina M.","family":"Archundia-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimberly O.","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole L.","family":"Letourneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerald F.","family":"Giesbrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rhonda C.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7285-4767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine J.","family":"Field","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.5.1280s","article-title":"Anemia and iron deficiency: effects on pregnancy outcome","volume":"71","author":"Allen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(91)90626-3","article-title":"Anemia and spontaneous preterm birth","volume":"164","author":"Klebanoff","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91269-9","article-title":"Relation of haemoglobin levels in first and second trimesters to outcome of pregnancy","volume":"1","author":"Murphy","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.5.1285s","article-title":"Maternal hemoglobin concentration and birth weight","volume":"71","author":"Steer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e166","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2020.108","article-title":"Iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy: novel approaches for an old problem","volume":"35","author":"Garzon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oman Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-127602","article-title":"Prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy: a single centre Canadian study","volume":"134","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4172\/2161-038X.1000187","article-title":"Iron deficiency anemia among women of reproductive age, an important public health problem: situation analysis","volume":"5","author":"Mawani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod. Syst. Sex. Disord."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1080\/17474086.2018.1502081","article-title":"Impact and management of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in women\u2019s health","volume":"11","author":"Mirza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Export Rev. Hematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.10.010","article-title":"Anaemia in pregnancy","volume":"26","author":"Goonewardene","year":"2012","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70001-9","article-title":"Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995\u20132011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data","volume":"1","author":"Stevens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib11","first-page":"4146","article-title":"Risk factors for iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women from plateau region and their impact on pregnancy outcome","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-019-0375-0","article-title":"Maternal anemia and pregnancy outcomes: a population-based study","volume":"39","author":"Beckert","year":"2019","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Perinatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxac135","article-title":"Iron-deficiency prevalence and supplementation practices among pregnant women: a secondary data analysis from a clinical trial in Vancouver, Canada","volume":"152","author":"Cochrane","year":"2022","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156000","article-title":"Iron status in pregnant women and women of reproductive age in Europe","volume":"106","author":"Milman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-062320-112625","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of iron and heme metabolism","volume":"42","author":"Dutt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxx036","article-title":"Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development (BOND)\u2014iron review","volume":"148","author":"Lynch","year":"2018","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-020518-114742","article-title":"Mitochondrial iron in human health and disease","volume":"81","author":"Ward","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126582","article-title":"Iron: key player in cancer and cell cycle?","volume":"62","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13004","article-title":"Iron deficiency anaemia revisited","volume":"287","author":"Cappellini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.155812","article-title":"Iron homeostasis during pregnancy","volume":"106","author":"Fisher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2021.12.018","article-title":"Maternal, fetal and placental regulation of placental iron trafficking","volume":"125","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2022","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.03.006","article-title":"Iron deficiency in pregnancy","volume":"223","author":"Georgieff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2728(96)00022-9","article-title":"The ferritins: molecular properties, iron storage function and cellular regulation","volume":"1275","author":"Harrison","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7806","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M008922200","article-title":"Hepcidin, a urinary antimicrobial peptide synthesized in the liver","volume":"276","author":"Park","year":"2001","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8780","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.151179498","article-title":"Lack of hepcidin gene expression and severe tissue iron overload in upstream stimulatory factor 2 (USF2) knockout mice","volume":"98","author":"Nicolas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V75.1.102.102","article-title":"Intact transferrin receptors in human plasma and their relation to erythropoiesis","volume":"75","author":"Huebers","year":"1990","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0609.2003.00085.x","article-title":"Haemoglobin during pregnancy: relationship to erythropoietin and haematinic status","volume":"71","author":"McMullin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.141762","article-title":"Adjusting ferritin concentrations for inflammation: Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia (BRINDA) project","volume":"106","author":"Namaste","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V89.3.1052","article-title":"Serum transferrin receptor and its ratio to serum ferritin in the diagnosis of iron deficiency","volume":"89","author":"Punnonen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib30","first-page":"396","article-title":"Utility of access soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) and sTfR\/log ferritin index in diagnosing iron deficiency anemia","volume":"45","author":"Shin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab093","article-title":"Serum erythroferrone during pregnancy is related to erythropoietin but does not predict the risk of anemia","volume":"151","author":"Delaney","year":"2021","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Nutr."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2590","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab156","article-title":"Umbilical cord erythroferrone is inversely associated with hepcidin, but does not capture the most variability in iron status of neonates born to teens carrying singletons and women carrying multiples","volume":"151","author":"Delaney","year":"2021","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2011.00428.x","article-title":"Role of the placenta in regulation of fetal iron status","volume":"69","author":"McArdle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI127341","article-title":"Effects of maternal iron status on placental and fetal iron homeostasis","volume":"130","author":"Sangkhae","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2011.00429.x","article-title":"Maternal iron status: relation to fetal growth, length of gestation, and iron endowment of the neonate","volume":"69","author":"Scholl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f3443","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f3443","article-title":"Anaemia, prenatal iron use, and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"346","author":"Haider","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1406915","article-title":"Maternal and neonatal outcomes related to iron supplementation or iron status: a summary of meta-analyses","volume":"32","author":"Iqbal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0692-5","article-title":"Birth weight in relation to health and disease in later life: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"14","author":"Belbasis","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.07.068","article-title":"The gestational foundation of sex differences in development and vulnerability","volume":"342","author":"DiPietro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00001023","article-title":"An immunoreactive theory of selective male affliction","volume":"8","author":"Gualtieri","year":"1985","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(96)00106-8","article-title":"Excess males in preterm birth: interactions with gestational age, race, and multiple birth","volume":"88","author":"Cooperstock","year":"1996","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-994668","article-title":"Fetal gender differences in preterm birth: findings in a North American cohort","volume":"9","author":"McGregor","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2017.00144","article-title":"Effect of fetal sex on maternal and obstetric outcomes","volume":"5","author":"Al-Qaraghouli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20995","article-title":"Boys live dangerously in the womb","volume":"22","author":"Eriksson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib45","first-page":"223","article-title":"Comparative aspects of placental efficiency","volume":"58","author":"Wilson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reprod. Suppl."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-022-00445-z","article-title":"Fetal sex impacts birth to placental weight ratio and umbilical cord oxygen values with implications for regulatory mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"Richardson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Sex. Differ."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab005","article-title":"Maternal iron deficiency modulates placental transcriptome and proteome in mid-gestation of mouse pregnancy","volume":"151","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2012.00433.x","article-title":"The Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition (APrON) cohort study: rationale and methods","volume":"10","author":"Kaplan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Matern. Child Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-047503","article-title":"The Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition (APrON) longitudinal study: cohort profile and key findings from the first three years","volume":"12","author":"Letourneau","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)35316-6","article-title":"Gestational weight gain and early postpartum weight retention in a prospective cohort of Alberta women","volume":"34","author":"Begum","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Obstet. Gynaecol. Can."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib51","article-title":"Adherence to Canada\u2019s Food Guide recommendations during pregnancy: nutritional epidemiology and public health","volume":"1","author":"APrON","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Dev. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181809c0d","article-title":"95: anemia in pregnancy, Obstet","volume":"112","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16221","article-title":"UK guidelines on the management of iron deficiency in pregnancy","volume":"188","author":"Pavord","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2014.00065","article-title":"Physiologic and pharmacokinetic changes in pregnancy","volume":"5","author":"Costantine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1879-3479.1980.tb00241.x","article-title":"High hemoglobin levels during pregnancy and fetal risk","volume":"18","author":"Koller","year":"1980","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib56","series-title":"WHO guideline on use of ferritin concentrations to assess iron status in individuals and populations","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04992-1","article-title":"Placental H3K27me3 establishes female resilience to prenatal insults","volume":"9","author":"Nugent","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp035","article-title":"Methods of covariate selection: directed acyclic graphs and the change-in-estimate procedure","volume":"169","author":"Weng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-018-0071-3","article-title":"Directed acyclic graphs: a tool for causal studies in paediatrics","volume":"84","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2015.11.007","article-title":"Perinatal nutrition in maternal mental health and child development: birth of a pregnancy cohort","volume":"93","author":"Leung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.26.10.770","article-title":"Serum ferritin concentration and iron stores in normal subjects","volume":"26","author":"Walters","year":"1973","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.155986","article-title":"Iron status of North American pregnant women: an update on longitudinal data and gaps in knowledge from the United States and Canada","volume":"106","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.007195","article-title":"Assessment of iron status in US pregnant women from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999\u20132006","volume":"93","author":"Mei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2019.1619690","article-title":"Prevalence of iron deficiency in first trimester, nonanemic pregnant women","volume":"34","author":"Auerbach","year":"2021","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib65","first-page":"4666","article-title":"Suboptimal\u00a0iron\u00a0deficiency screening in pregnancy and the impact of socioeconomic status in a high-resource setting, Blood","volume":"5","author":"Teichman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002867","article-title":"Development and implementation of a quality improvement toolkit, iron deficiency in pregnancy with maternal iron optimization (IRON MOM): a before-and-after study","volume":"16","author":"Abdulrehman","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjquality-2017-000009","article-title":"Improving patient blood management in obstetrics: snapshots of a practice improvement partnership","volume":"6","author":"Flores","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Qual. Improv. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3588","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab254","article-title":"Use of the electronic health record to assess prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency in pregnancy","volume":"151","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Nutr."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(80)83111-0","article-title":"Partitioning of nutrients during pregnancy and lactation: a review of mechanisms involving homeostasis and homeorhesis","volume":"63","author":"Bauman","year":"1980","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2013.837445","article-title":"The relationship between third trimester maternal hemoglobin and birth weight\/length; results from the tertiary center in Turkey","volume":"27","author":"Yildiz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156075","article-title":"U-shaped curve for risk associated with maternal hemoglobin, iron status, or iron supplementation","volume":"106","author":"Dewey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5090","DOI":"10.1017\/S136898002100166X","article-title":"Iron status in late pregnancy is inversely associated with birth weight in Colombia","volume":"24","author":"Puerto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221299","article-title":"Maternal iron-deficiency is associated with premature birth and higher birth weight despite routine antenatal iron supplementation in an urban South African setting: the NuPED prospective study","volume":"14","author":"Symington","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1177\/1076029607304748","article-title":"Mean maternal second-trimester hemoglobin concentration and outcome of pregnancy: a population-based study","volume":"14","author":"von Tempelhoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Appl. Thromb. Hemost."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-019-0360-9","article-title":"Iron deficiency in late pregnancy and its associations with birth outcomes in Chinese pregnant women: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Metabol. (Lond)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1958.193.3.615","article-title":"Iron metabolism in the pregnant rabbit: iron transport across the placenta","volume":"193","author":"Bothwell","year":"1958","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1968.215.1.205","article-title":"Transfer of iron across the placenta and fetal membranes in the rat","volume":"215","author":"Glasser","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R894","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00525.2003","article-title":"Influence of gestational age and fetal iron status on IRP activity and iron transporter protein expression in third-trimester human placenta","volume":"287","author":"Bradley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.8.1843","article-title":"Third trimester iron status and pregnancy outcome in non-anaemic women; pregnancy unfavourably affected by maternal iron excess","volume":"15","author":"Lao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab406","article-title":"Maternal iron kinetics and maternal\u2013fetal iron transfer in normal-weight and overweight pregnancy","volume":"115","author":"Stoffel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2009.11.003","article-title":"A\u00a0mathematical model of intervillous blood flow in the human placentone","volume":"31","author":"Chernyavsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2011.00449.x","article-title":"Iron endowment at birth: maternal iron status and other influences","volume":"69","author":"Viteri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3109\/00016348809004215","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in blood viscosity are correlated with fetal outcome","volume":"67","author":"Zondervan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib84","first-page":"155","article-title":"Maternal hematologic levels and pregnancy outcomes","volume":"5","author":"Garn","year":"1981","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3016.2000.00247.x","article-title":"Maternal smoking affects fetal growth more in the male fetus","volume":"14","author":"Zar\u00e9n","year":"2000","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087303","article-title":"Maternal factors associated with fetal growth and birthweight are independent determinants of placental weight and exhibit differential effects by fetal sex","volume":"9","author":"Roland","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1071\/RD15385","article-title":"Effects of fetal genotype and sex on developmental response to maternal malnutrition","volume":"29","author":"Cogollos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.3.545","article-title":"Sex differences in iron status during infancy","volume":"110","author":"Domell\u00f6f","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26964","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of iron deficiency in fully breastfed infants at 6 mo of age: comparison of data from 6 studies","volume":"89","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2021.02.015","article-title":"Pregnancy-specific reference intervals for C-reactive protein improve diagnostic accuracy for infection: a longitudinal study","volume":"517","author":"Dockree","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac037","article-title":"How much iron does a healthy pregnant woman require?","volume":"115","author":"Fairweather-Tait","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022316623724759?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022316623724759?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T05:44:24Z","timestamp":1758347064000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022316623724759"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022316623724759"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3166"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3166","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Maternal Iron Status Is Dynamic Throughout Pregnancy and Might Predict Birth Outcomes in a Sex Dependent Manner: Results from the Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition (APrON) Cohort Study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.042","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}