{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T10:50:24Z","timestamp":1793875824196,"version":"4.7.0"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003061","name":"Erasmus MC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022420","name":"Penland School of Craft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022420","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T16:17:33Z","timestamp":1761841053000},"page":"4087-4099","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dietary and Lifestyle Risk Factors in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: In Search of Mechanistic Explanations and Health Improvement"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"155","author":[{"given":"Ruslan A","family":"Mammadov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henk P","family":"Roest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc JW","family":"van der Laan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9112-6028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maikel P","family":"Peppelenbosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib1","first-page":"269","article-title":"Liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis: current status and challenges","volume":"122","author":"Yagi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib2","first-page":"124","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease comorbidity: an update of the evidence","volume":"32","author":"Mertz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000004563","article-title":"Intestinal bacteremia after liver transplantation is a risk factor for recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"107","author":"Mammadov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29029","article-title":"Knockout of the primary sclerosing cholangitis-risk gene Fut2 causes liver disease in mice","volume":"66","author":"Maroni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00690-y","article-title":"The microbiota and the gut-liver axis in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"20","author":"Hov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000001172","article-title":"Medical treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis: what have we learned and where are we going?","volume":"82","author":"Karlsen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib7","article-title":"Treatment of pruritus in primary sclerosing cholangitis: analysis of the consortium for autoimmune liver disease registry","volume":"9","author":"Dean","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E186","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000338","article-title":"Letter to the Editor: the mucosal gut signature in primary sclerosing cholangitis before and after liver transplantation. Is the dysbiosis index really predictive for the recurrence of PSC?","volume":"77","author":"Mammadov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.01.016","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and liver diseases","volume":"77","author":"Marti-Aguado","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab047","article-title":"Ethnic differences in the smoking-related risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Piovani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.51.4.567","article-title":"Cigarette smoking, appendectomy, and tonsillectomy as risk factors for the development of primary sclerosing cholangitis: a case control study","volume":"51","author":"Mitchell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12894","article-title":"Risk factors for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"36","author":"Boonstra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib13","first-page":"980","article-title":"A comprehensive assessment of environmental exposures among 1000 North American patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis, with and without inflammatory bowel disease, Aliment","volume":"41","author":"Eaton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640618761703","article-title":"Association between smoking and risk of primary sclerosing cholangitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Wijarnpreecha","year":"2018","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol. J."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.09.024","article-title":"Effects of coffee consumption, smoking, and hormones on risk for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"12","author":"Andersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1038\/nri803","article-title":"Effects of cigarette smoke on the immune system","volume":"2","author":"Sopori","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.42.4.241","article-title":"Immune and inflammatory function in cigarette smokers","volume":"42","author":"Holt","year":"1987","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.04.057","article-title":"Vagus nerve activity augments intestinal macrophage phagocytosis via nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha4beta2","volume":"137","author":"van der Zanden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2006.07.005","article-title":"Impaired innate immunity in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Comalada","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12945","article-title":"Studies on patients establish Crohn\u2019s disease as a manifestation of impaired innate immunity","volume":"286","author":"Segal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"8013","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07372-6","article-title":"Periportal macrophages protect against commensal-driven liver inflammation","volume":"629","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1906-z","article-title":"Diarrhoea and smoking: an analysis of decades of observational data from Bangladesh","volume":"15","author":"Das","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1111\/tri.13692","article-title":"Recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis after liver transplantation is associated with specific changes in the gut microbiome pretransplant - a pilot study","volume":"33","author":"Visseren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transpl. Int."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3105","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i24.3105","article-title":"Alcohol consumption in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"18","author":"Hagstrom","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib25","first-page":"5","article-title":"What is moderate drinking? Defining \"drinks\" and drinking levels, Alcohol Res","volume":"23","author":"Dufour","year":"1999","journal-title":"Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.16182","article-title":"Dietary habits of individuals with primary sclerosing cholangitis-poor fat-soluble vitamin intake and dietary quality","volume":"45","author":"Lindqvist","year":"2025","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib27","first-page":"S53","article-title":"Drinking patterns vary by gender, age and country-level income: cross-country analysis of the International Alcohol Control Study","volume":"37","author":"Chaiyasong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib28","first-page":"95","article-title":"International comparisons of alcohol consumption","volume":"27","author":"Bloomfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"Alcohol Res. Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckn007","article-title":"Alcohol-related adverse consequences: cross-cultural variations in attribution process among young adults","volume":"18","author":"Kuendig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13430","article-title":"Alcohol-attributed disease burden in four Nordic countries: a comparison using the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries and Risk Factors 2013 study","volume":"111","author":"Agardh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121856","article-title":"Study of potential anti-inflammatory effects of red wine extract and resveratrol through a modulation of interleukin-1-beta in macrophages","volume":"10","author":"Chalons","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11071400","article-title":"Computation-assisted identification of bioactive compounds in botanical extracts: a case study of anti-inflammatory natural products from hops","volume":"11","author":"Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation11050234","article-title":"Bioactive properties of fermented beverages: wine and beer","volume":"11","author":"Postigo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fermentation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2009.18","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of apigenin on leukemia cell lines: implications for prevention and therapy","volume":"1","author":"Ruela-de-Sousa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(18)30230-5","article-title":"Alcohol drinking patterns and liver cirrhosis risk: analysis of the prospective UK Million Women Study","volume":"4","author":"Simpson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4630","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31973-2","article-title":"Acetate reprograms gut microbiota during alcohol consumption","volume":"13","author":"Martino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11152-6","article-title":"Microbiota-derived acetate protects against respiratory syncytial virus infection through a GPR43-type 1 interferon response","volume":"10","author":"Antunes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"233","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3006763","article-title":"Suppression of p21Rac signaling and increased innate immunity mediate remission in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Parikh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2007.00529.x","article-title":"Acetaldehyde increases endogenous adiponectin and fibrogenesis in hepatic stellate cells but exogenous adiponectin inhibits fibrogenesis","volume":"31","author":"Potter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1723","article-title":"Effect of drinking on adiponectin in healthy men and women: a randomized intervention study of water, ethanol, red wine, and beer with or without alcohol","volume":"32","author":"Imhof","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27036","article-title":"Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 deficiency ameliorates alcoholic fatty liver but worsens liver inflammation and fibrosis in mice","volume":"60","author":"Kwon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib42","first-page":"191","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of alcoholic fatty liver, Alcohol Clin","volume":"33","author":"Purohit","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.35","article-title":"Alcoholic liver disease: mechanisms of injury and targeted treatment","volume":"12","author":"Louvet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.11.002","article-title":"Alcohol disrupts levels and function of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator to promote development of pancreatitis","volume":"148","author":"Maleth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S112","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2024.0709","article-title":"Alcohol-associated liver disease: natural history, management and novel targeted therapies","volume":"31","author":"Alvarado-Tapias","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Mol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2017.09.008","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis is protective against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"69","author":"Bosch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-01945-2","article-title":"Moderate consumption of fermented alcoholic beverages diminishes diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through mechanisms involving hepatic adiponectin signaling in mice","volume":"59","author":"Jung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12263-023-00726-1","article-title":"Biomarkers of moderate alcohol intake and alcoholic beverages: a systematic literature review","volume":"18","author":"Trius-Soler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genes Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2018.09.009","article-title":"The compelling link between physical activity and the body\u2019s defense system","volume":"8","author":"Nieman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1136\/flgastro-2014-100432","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with higher levels of objectively measured sedentary behaviour and lower levels of physical activity than matched healthy controls","volume":"6","author":"Hallsworth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontline Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e227","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.124.321214","article-title":"Leisure sedentary behavior, physical activities, and cardiovascular disease among individuals with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease","volume":"44","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.07.010","article-title":"Relationship of sitting time and physical activity with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"63","author":"Ryu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-024-08804-9","article-title":"Leisure-time physical activity, time spent sitting and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional study in Puglia","volume":"39","author":"Franco","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12821","article-title":"The immunology of the vermiform appendix: a review of the literature","volume":"186","author":"Kooij","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2011.02600.x","article-title":"The effect of appendectomy on the course of ulcerative colitis: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Gardenbroek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.51.6.808","article-title":"Protective role of appendicectomy on onset and severity of ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"51","author":"Radford-Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.036483","article-title":"Epidemiology of appendicectomy in primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis: its influence on the clinical behaviour of these diseases","volume":"53","author":"Florin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.51.6.803","article-title":"Effects of appendicectomy on the course of ulcerative colitis","volume":"51","author":"Cosnes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12091938","article-title":"Prior appendicectomy and gut microbiota re-establishment in adults after bowel preparation and colonoscopy","volume":"12","author":"McGuinness","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.12.058","article-title":"Altered gut microbial metabolism of essential nutrients in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"160","author":"Kummen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib61","article-title":"Ruminococcus bromii-generated acetate alleviated Clonorchis sinensis-induced liver fibrosis in mice","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2006.03.028","article-title":"A phase I trial with transgenic bacteria expressing interleukin-10 in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"4","author":"Braat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2016.06.007","article-title":"Tonsillectomy associated with an increased risk of autoimmune diseases: a national cohort study","volume":"72","author":"Ji","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib64","article-title":"Effects of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy on the immune system","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.150.3.571","article-title":"Gallbladder disease in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"150","author":"Brandt","year":"1988","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib66","article-title":"Protective potential of the gallbladder in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"5","author":"Cazzagon","year":"2023","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib67","article-title":"Cholecystectomy is linked to worse clinical outcomes in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"17","author":"Miyake","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.361","article-title":"Likelihood of malignancy in gallbladder polyps and outcomes following cholecystectomy in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"107","author":"Eaton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)31880-0","article-title":"Gallbladder disease in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"7","author":"Vazquez-Elizondo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000003086","article-title":"Global epidemiology of cirrhosis in women","volume":"120","author":"Jutras","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.14.04077","article-title":"Epidemiology of acute hepatitis C and hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis in reproductive-age women, 1990-2019: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study","volume":"14","author":"Zou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.06.010","article-title":"Sex-dependent differences in cholestasis: why estrogen signaling may be a key pathophysiological driver","volume":"193","author":"Ismail","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/00243639.2017.1360065","article-title":"Hormonal contraception and the development of autoimmunity: a review of the literature","volume":"84","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Linacre Q."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.228924","article-title":"Pregnancy in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"60","author":"Wellge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4291\/wjgp.v1.i2.50","article-title":"Role of sex hormones in the modulation of cholangiocyte function","volume":"1","author":"Mancinelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Pathophysiol."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3537","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i22.3537","article-title":"Estrogens and the pathophysiology of the biliary tree","volume":"12","author":"Alvaro","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02815","article-title":"Abnormal expression of ERalpha in cholangiocytes of patients with primary biliary cholangitis mediated intrahepatic bile duct inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.591380","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis: tolerogenic immunological state during pregnancy and immune escape in post-partum","volume":"11","author":"Bozward","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.200802","article-title":"Lupus Low Disease Activity State achievement is important for reducing adverse outcomes in pregnant patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"48","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.07.011","article-title":"A population-based cohort study of pregnancy outcomes among women with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"12","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib81","article-title":"Maternal liver-related symptoms during pregnancy in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"6","author":"Nayagam","year":"2024","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.16119","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes in women with primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"127","author":"Cauldwell","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"44","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6213","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i44.6213","article-title":"Role of intestinal flora in primary sclerosing cholangitis and its potential therapeutic value","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib84","article-title":"Effect of the specific carbohydrate diet on the microbiome of a primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis patient","volume":"10","author":"Dubrovsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.12.036","article-title":"Reduced coffee consumption among individuals with primary sclerosing cholangitis but not primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"12","author":"Lammert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23902","article-title":"Coffee reduces liver damage in a rat model of steatohepatitis: the underlying mechanisms and the role of polyphenols and melanoidins","volume":"52","author":"Vitaglione","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13319","article-title":"Coffee consumption protects against progression in liver cirrhosis and increases long-term survival after liver transplantation","volume":"31","author":"Friedrich","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.112946","article-title":"Coffee prevents IQ-induced liver damage by regulating oxidative stress, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, apoptosis, and the MAPK\/NF-kappaB signaling pathway in zebrafish","volume":"169","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.8078","article-title":"Coffee peel polyphenols ameliorate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating cannabinoid receptor type-1-ceramide axis","volume":"39","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13142280","article-title":"Protective effect of caffeine and chlorogenic acids of coffee in liver disease","volume":"13","author":"Di Pietrantonio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foods"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s11302-023-09968-5","article-title":"Coffee, adenosine, and the liver","volume":"20","author":"Dranoff","year":"2024","journal-title":"Purinergic Signal."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.517","article-title":"Coffee as modulator of liver injury: fact and fiction","volume":"6","author":"Manne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis. (Hoboken)."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-014-9501-0","article-title":"The role of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors in the caffeine effect on MDMA-induced DA and 5-HT release in the mouse striatum","volume":"27","author":"Gorska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.64719\/pb.4252","article-title":"A primer on caffeine pharmacology and its drug interactions in clinical psychopharmacology","volume":"35","author":"Donovan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S424384","article-title":"Caffeine in hepatocellular carcinoma: cellular assays, animal experiments, and epidemiological investigation","volume":"17","author":"Shan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1030173","article-title":"Caffeine in liver diseases: pharmacology and toxicology","volume":"13","author":"Shan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11417","DOI":"10.1021\/jf202778w","article-title":"High molecular weight coffee melanoidins are inhibitors for matrix metalloproteases","volume":"59","author":"De Marco","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1039\/c2fo30048f","article-title":"Coffee melanoidins: structures, mechanisms of formation and potential health impacts","volume":"3","author":"Moreira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020117","article-title":"Natural dietary pigments: potential mediators against hepatic damage induced by over-the-counter non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs","volume":"10","author":"Gonzalez-Ponce","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3155","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16183155","article-title":"Effects of coffee on gut microbiota and bowel functions in health and diseases: a literature review","volume":"16","author":"Saygili","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.7762\/cnr.2022.11.4.241","article-title":"The effect of green coffee supplementation on lipid profile, glycemic indices, inflammatory biomarkers and anthropometric indices in Iranian women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Meshkani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.15430\/JCP.2022.27.4.229","article-title":"Consumption of coffee and green tea and the risk of colorectal cancer in Korea: the Health Examinees study","volume":"27","author":"Na","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cancer Prev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.12843","article-title":"Association between green tea\/coffee consumption and biliary tract cancer: a population-based cohort study in Japan","volume":"107","author":"Makiuchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2008.08.022","article-title":"Coffee consumption and the risk of cancer: an overview","volume":"277","author":"Nkondjock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.866233","article-title":"Activating effects of the bioactive compounds from coffee by-products on FGF21 signaling modulate hepatic mitochondrial bioenergetics and energy metabolism in vitro","volume":"9","author":"Rebollo-Hernanz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9010085","article-title":"Molecular bases underlying the hepatoprotective effects of coffee","volume":"9","author":"Salomone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.114124","article-title":"Quantitative proteomics reveals common and unique molecular mechanisms underlying beneficial effects of caffeine and trigonelline on human hepatocytes","volume":"158","author":"Peerapen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12304","article-title":"Impact of coffee on liver diseases: a systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Saab","year":"2014","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11101545","article-title":"Coffee bioactive N-methylpyridinium attenuates tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-mediated insulin resistance and inflammation in human adipocytes","volume":"11","author":"Quarta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413237","article-title":"Acute effect of caffeine on the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hypothalamus and choroid plexus during endotoxin-induced inflammation in a female sheep model","volume":"22","author":"Szczepkowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.04134.x","article-title":"Fat-soluble vitamin levels in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"96","author":"Phillips","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030576","article-title":"Prognostic significance of severe vitamin D deficiency in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"15","author":"Ebadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(21)00165-5","article-title":"Fat-soluble vitamins and their importance in patients with cholestatic liver diseases","volume":"23","author":"Sokol","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.1258","article-title":"Serum vitamins and homocysteine levels in autoimmune liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm. Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/gov035","article-title":"The presence of primary sclerosing cholangitis in patients with ileal pouch anal- anastomosis is associated with an additional risk for vitamin D deficiency","volume":"4","author":"Fialho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Rep. (Oxf)."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2013.05.016","article-title":"Vitamin D in autoimmune liver disease","volume":"37","author":"Smyk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13433","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency in chronic cholestatic liver disease: is vitamin A therapy beneficial?","volume":"37","author":"Freund","year":"2017","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907929","article-title":"Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"362","author":"Sanyal","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S1089-3261(05)70013-1","article-title":"Lipids and lipid-activated vitamins in chronic cholestatic diseases","volume":"2","author":"Kowdley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082515","article-title":"The role of vitamin K in cholestatic liver disease","volume":"13","author":"Sultana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.05.038","article-title":"Clinical and biochemical impact of vitamin B6 deficiency in primary sclerosing cholangitis before and after liver transplantation","volume":"79","author":"Braadland","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"6540","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.293.6540.175","article-title":"Vitamin B6 concentrations in patients with chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"293","author":"Zaman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.03.022","article-title":"EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: the diagnosis and management of patients with primary biliary cholangitis","volume":"67","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"Supplement_1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1093\/jcag\/gwz047.020","article-title":"A21 vitamin D deficiency and its association with clinical outcomes in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Can. Assoc. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib125","first-page":"123","article-title":"Gut microbiota in PSC: from association to possible causality. Commentary to \"Gut pathobionts underlie intestinal barrier dysfunction and liver T helper 17 cell immune response in primary sclerosing cholangitis\" by Nakamoto et al.","volume":"44","author":"Lemoinne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Microbiology, January 2019, Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib126","first-page":"580","article-title":"Consistent alterations in faecal microbiomes of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis independent of associated colitis, Aliment","volume":"50","author":"R\u00fchlemann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318416","article-title":"Alterations of the bile microbiome in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"69","author":"Liwinski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.012","article-title":"The impact of dietary fiber on gut microbiota in host health and disease","volume":"23","author":"Makki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00277","article-title":"Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)-mediated gut epithelial and immune regulation and its relevance for inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"10","author":"Parada Venegas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310500","article-title":"The gut microbial profile in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis is distinct from patients with ulcerative colitis without biliary disease and healthy controls","volume":"66","author":"Kummen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e3282f5197e","article-title":"Probiotics in primary sclerosing cholangitis: a randomized placebo-controlled crossover pilot study","volume":"20","author":"Vleggaar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17251","article-title":"Systematic review: microbial manipulation as therapy for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"57","author":"Bogatic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01087-22","article-title":"Synbiotic intervention with lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, and inulin in healthy volunteers increases the abundance of bifidobacteria but does not alter microbial diversity","volume":"88","author":"Rubin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"31","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19442","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c03515","article-title":"Synbiotic intervention with inulin and lactiplantibacillus plantarum LPm77 attenuates type 2 diabetes via enhanced TUDCA metabolism and gut-liver axis modulation","volume":"73","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04467","article-title":"Global analysis of clinical trials with probiotics","volume":"6","author":"Dronkers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200306000-00017","article-title":"A pilot trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in ulcerative colitis","volume":"15","author":"Guslandi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X11428502","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii for the prevention and therapy of gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"5","author":"Kelesidis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04374.x","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory processes: nutrition or pharmacology?","volume":"75","author":"Calder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2023.08.021","article-title":"Effect of probiotics on nutritional status, biochemical parameters, and disease severity in cirrhotic patients referred for liver transplantation\u2013A randomised double blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"57","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib140","first-page":"471","article-title":"Interactions of gut microbiota with dietary polyphenols and consequences to human health","volume":"19","author":"Tomas-Barberan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3593","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b00827","article-title":"Polyphenols\u2019 gut microbiota metabolites: bioactives or biomarkers?","volume":"66","author":"Tomas-Barberan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.47","article-title":"Towards a more comprehensive concept for prebiotics","volume":"12","author":"Bindels","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1159\/000538493","article-title":"Gut microbiota in primary sclerosing cholangitis: from prognostic role to therapeutic implications","volume":"42","author":"Maccauro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.13097","article-title":"Revolution in diet therapy for inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"8","author":"Melton","year":"2024","journal-title":"JGH Open"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4003","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14194003","article-title":"Dietary patterns and gut microbiota changes in inflammatory bowel disease: current insights and future challenges","volume":"14","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib146","article-title":"Not all fibers are born equal; variable response to dietary fiber subtypes in IBD","volume":"8","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1993582","article-title":"Inulin-grown Faecalibacterium prausnitzii cross-feeds fructose to the human intestinal epithelium","volume":"13","author":"Fagundes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10122507","article-title":"Dietary fiber intake and gut microbiota in human health","volume":"10","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114518002465","article-title":"Association of dietary fibre intake and gut microbiota in adults","volume":"120","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-95-1-53","article-title":"Psyllium therapy in the irritable bowel syndrome. A double-blind trial","volume":"95","author":"Longstreth","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114517002586","article-title":"Supplemental psyllium fibre regulates the intestinal barrier and inflammation in normal and colitic mice","volume":"118","author":"Ogata","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2300016","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids in autoimmune liver diseases","volume":"210","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6975","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136975","article-title":"The role of microbiota in primary sclerosing cholangitis and related biliary malignancies","volume":"22","author":"Ozdirik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3720","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123720","article-title":"Causal relationship between diet-induced gut microbiota changes and diabetes: a novel strategy to transplant Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in preventing diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Ganesan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.11.007","article-title":"Dietary fiber and SCFAs in the regulation of mucosal immunity","volume":"151","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"sup1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S116","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1544542","article-title":"n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the management of alcoholic liver disease: a critical review","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib157","article-title":"Lipid alterations in chronic liver disease and liver cancer","volume":"4","author":"Paul","year":"2022","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R027904","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and cardiovascular disease","volume":"53","author":"Jump","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041_bib159","article-title":"Enzymatically-epoxidized docosahexaenoic acid, 19,20-EpDPE, suppresses hepatic crown-like structure formation and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis fibrosis through GPR120","volume":"1868","author":"Aoki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022316625006911?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022316625006911?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T20:47:12Z","timestamp":1766090832000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022316625006911"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":159,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022316625006911"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3166"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3166","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Dietary and Lifestyle Risk Factors in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: In Search of Mechanistic Explanations and Health Improvement","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.10.041","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Society for Nutrition.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}