{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T03:58:32Z","timestamp":1781236712958,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1103020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1103020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001786","name":"The University of Adelaide","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024\\u20122028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\\u20122028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001786","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001786","name":"The University of Adelaide","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\\u20122025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\\u20122025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001786","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001786","name":"The University of Adelaide","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022\\u20122024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\\u20122024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001786","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T06:32:03Z","timestamp":1765089123000},"page":"101259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Combined Intragastric Administration of Quinine with L-Leucine or L-Isoleucine on the Glycemic Response to, and Gastric Emptying of, a Mixed-Nutrient Drink in Healthy Males"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"156","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Sajjad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9218-684X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parivash","family":"Ghorbaninejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vida","family":"Bitarafan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javad","family":"Anjom-Shoae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Braden D","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penelope CE","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Horowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Feinle-Bisset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2014","article-title":"Ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3-36): secretory controls and physiological roles in eating and glycemia in health, obesity, and after RYGB","volume":"97","author":"Steinert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1412182","article-title":"Impacts of dietary animal and plant protein on weight and glycemic control in health, obesity and type 2 diabetes: friend or foe?","volume":"15","author":"Anjom-Shoae","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol. (Lausanne)."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28406","article-title":"Effect of premeal consumption of whey protein and its hydrolysate on food intake and postmeal glycemia and insulin responses in young adults","volume":"91","author":"Akhavan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2644","article-title":"Effects of fat on gastric emptying of and the glycemic, insulin, and incretin responses to a carbohydrate meal in type 2 diabetes","volume":"91","author":"Gentilcore","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041317","article-title":"Effects of bitter substances on GI function, energy intake and glycaemia-do preclinical findings translate to outcomes in humans?","volume":"13","author":"Rezaie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0723","article-title":"Effects of a protein preload on gastric emptying, glycemia, and gut hormones after a carbohydrate meal in diet-controlled type 2 diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Ma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.1.69","article-title":"Effect of whey on blood glucose and insulin responses to composite breakfast and lunch meals in type 2 diabetic subjects","volume":"82","author":"Frid","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051613","article-title":"Comparative effects of the branched-chain amino acids, leucine, isoleucine and valine, on gastric emptying, plasma glucose, C-peptide and glucagon in healthy men","volume":"13","author":"Elovaris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2008.09.001","article-title":"Leucine, when ingested with glucose, synergistically stimulates insulin secretion and lowers blood glucose","volume":"57","author":"Kalogeropoulou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclnm.2008.05.001","article-title":"Effect of orally administered isoleucine with and without glucose on insulin, glucagon and glucose concentrations in non-diabetic subjects","volume":"3","author":"Nuttall","year":"2008","journal-title":"e-SPEN Eur. e-J Clin. Nutr. Metab."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.140640","article-title":"Intragastric administration of leucine or isoleucine lowers the blood glucose response to a mixed-nutrient drink by different mechanisms in healthy, lean volunteers","volume":"104","author":"Ullrich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab020","article-title":"Comparative effects of intragastric and intraduodenal administration of quinine on the plasma glucose response to a mixed-nutrient drink in healthy men: relations with glucoregulatory hormones and gastric emptying","volume":"151","author":"Rose","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R263","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00294.2019","article-title":"Intragastric administration of the bitter tastant quinine lowers the glycemic response to a nutrient drink without slowing gastric emptying in healthy men","volume":"318","author":"Bitarafan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-024-06344-9","article-title":"Dose-related effects of intraduodenal quinine on plasma glucose, glucoregulatory hormones and gastric emptying of a nutrient drink, and energy intake, in men with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind, randomised, crossover study","volume":"68","author":"Bitarafan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-110-4-1325","article-title":"Quinine and the stimulus-secretion coupling in pancreatic beta-cells: glucose-like effects on potassium permeability and insulin release","volume":"110","author":"Henquin","year":"1982","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"6600","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.295.6600.716","article-title":"High incidence of hypoglycaemia in African patients treated with intravenous quinine for severe malaria","volume":"295","author":"Okitolonda","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2022.155140","article-title":"Effects of intraduodenal infusion of lauric acid and L-tryptophan, alone and combined, on glucoregulatory hormones, gastric emptying and glycaemia in healthy men","volume":"129","author":"Hajishafiee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz020","article-title":"Effects of intraduodenal administration of lauric acid and L-tryptophan, alone and combined, on gut hormones, pyloric pressures, and energy intake in healthy men","volume":"109","author":"McVeay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2024.07.006","article-title":"Intraduodenal calcium enhances the effects of L-tryptophan to stimulate gut hormone secretion and suppress energy intake in healthy males: a randomized, crossover, clinical trial","volume":"120","author":"Anjom-Shoae","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.113266","article-title":"Intraduodenal infusion of a combination of tastants decreases food intake in humans","volume":"102","author":"van Avesaat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2022.12.423","article-title":"Dual GIP\/GLP-1 receptor agonists: new advances for treating type-2 diabetes","volume":"84","author":"Scheen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Endocrinol. (Paris)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G602","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00051.2009","article-title":"Effects of the phases of the menstrual cycle on gastric emptying, glycemia, plasma GLP-1 and insulin, and energy intake in healthy lean women","volume":"297","author":"Brennan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2015-1137","article-title":"Sex and gender differences in risk, pathophysiology and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"37","author":"Kautzky-Willer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.08.016","article-title":"Gender differences in glucose homeostasis and diabetes","volume":"187","author":"Mauvais-Jarvis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(85)90010-8","article-title":"The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger","volume":"29","author":"Stunkard","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjm007","article-title":"Evidence for human orosensory (taste?) sensitivity to free fatty acids","volume":"32","author":"Chal\u00e9-Rush","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Senses."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108618","article-title":"Intragastric administration of leucine and isoleucine does not reduce the glycaemic response to, or slow gastric emptying of, a carbohydrate-containing drink in type 2 diabetes","volume":"171","author":"Elovaris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107S","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02300386","article-title":"Gastric emptying of liquid meals measured noninvasively in humans with [13C]acetate breath test","volume":"39","author":"Mossi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90202-3","article-title":"The [13C]acetate breath test accurately reflects gastric emptying of liquids in both liquid and semisolid test meals","volume":"108","author":"Braden","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601768","article-title":"Relation between food intake and visual analogue scale ratings of appetite and other sensations in healthy older and young subjects","volume":"58","author":"Parker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"6977","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6977.446","article-title":"Calculating correlation coefficients with repeated observations: Part 1\u2014Correlation within subjects","volume":"310","author":"Bland","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genm.2009.02.002","article-title":"Gender differences in insulin resistance, body composition, and energy balance","volume":"6","author":"Geer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gend. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.202","article-title":"Gastric emptying and glycaemia in health and diabetes mellitus","volume":"11","author":"Phillips","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2020.10.017","article-title":"Role of intestinal glucose absorption in glucose tolerance","volume":"55","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3584","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15163584","article-title":"Effects of quinine on the glycaemic response to, and gastric emptying of, a mixed-nutrient drink in females and males","volume":"15","author":"Rezaie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-1609","article-title":"Relationships between gastric emptying, postprandial glycemia, and incretin hormones","volume":"36","author":"Marathe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2650","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112650","article-title":"The impact of a large bolus dose of L-leucine and L-isoleucine on enteroendocrine and pancreatic hormones, and glycemia in healthy, inactive adults","volume":"11","author":"Newmire","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00401145","article-title":"Normalization of fasting hyperglycaemia by exogenous glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36 amide) in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients","volume":"36","author":"Nauck","year":"1993","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1994.tb04343.x","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of quinine in the diabetic and non-diabetic elderly","volume":"38","author":"Dyer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01604-7","article-title":"Tirzepatide, a dual GIP\/GLP-1 receptor co-agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes with unmatched effectiveness regrading glycaemic control and body weight reduction","volume":"21","author":"Nauck","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib41","first-page":"672","article-title":"Upper and\/or lower gastrointestinal adverse events with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: incidence and consequences, Diabetes Obes","volume":"19","author":"Horowitz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metab."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2014.06.005","article-title":"Measurement of gastric emptying in diabetes","volume":"28","author":"Phillips","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022316625007655?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022316625007655?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T03:22:41Z","timestamp":1781234561000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022316625007655"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022316625007655"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3166"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3166","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effects of Combined Intragastric Administration of Quinine with L-Leucine or L-Isoleucine on the Glycemic Response to, and Gastric Emptying of, a Mixed-Nutrient Drink in Healthy Males","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101259","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101259"}}