{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:29:55Z","timestamp":1787164195651,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"USDA NIFA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA-D-NTR-2397-H"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA-D-NTR-2397-H"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007707","name":"University of California, Davis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007707","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019216","name":"Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019216","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T00:00:47Z","timestamp":1766793647000},"page":"101286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Timing-Dependent Effects of \u03c9-3 Fatty Acids on Adipose Tissue and Tumorigenesis in Obesity-Driven Pancreatic Cancer in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"156","author":[{"given":"Aya S","family":"Ead","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Wirkus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jazmin","family":"Machuca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yige","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Payam","family":"Vahmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen E","family":"Matsukuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guodong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6460-7165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo G","family":"Mackenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2024","volume":"74","author":"Siegel","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12204","article-title":"Early screening and diagnosis strategies of pancreatic cancer: a comprehensive review","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Commun. (Lond.)."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8070673","article-title":"Obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation as a strong promotional factor for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2863","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20122863","article-title":"Adipose tissue, obesity and adiponectin: role in endocrine cancer risk","volume":"20","author":"Tumminia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.16884","article-title":"Obesity and cancer: the role of adipose tissue and adipo-cytokines-induced chronic inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Divella","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-019-0650-z","article-title":"Reprogramming of fatty acid metabolism in cancer","volume":"122","author":"Koundouros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2013.07.008","article-title":"Cancer cells incorporate and remodel exogenous palmitate into structural and oncogenic signaling lipids","volume":"1831","author":"Louie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-01807-9","article-title":"Fatty acid metabolism of immune cells: a new target of tumour immunotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115528","article-title":"Omega-3 lipid mediators: modulation of the M1\/M2 macrophage phenotype and its protective role in chronic liver diseases","volume":"24","author":"Videla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512032","article-title":"Impact of lipid metabolism on macrophage polarization: implications for inflammation and tumor immunity","volume":"24","author":"Vassiliou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6179","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116179","article-title":"Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids enhance tumor aggressiveness in experimental lung cancer model: important role of oxylipins","volume":"23","author":"Montecillo-Aguado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184455","article-title":"Incidence of pancreatic cancer is dramatically increased by a high fat, high calorie diet in KrasG12D mice","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-13-0065","article-title":"High-fat, high-calorie diet promotes early pancreatic neoplasia in the conditional KrasG12D mouse model","volume":"6","author":"Dawson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res. (Phila.)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2024.109690","article-title":"A high-fat diet induces changes in mesenteric adipose tissue accelerating early-stage pancreatic carcinogenesis in mice","volume":"131","author":"Ead","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nutr Biochem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0000000000000497","article-title":"Robust early inflammation of the peripancreatic visceral adipose tissue during diet-induced obesity in the KrasG12D model of pancreatic cancer","volume":"45","author":"Hertzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.08.018","article-title":"A high-fat diet activates oncogenic Kras and COX2 to induce development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in mice","volume":"145","author":"Philip","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2011.07.011","article-title":"Consumption of high-fat diet induces tumor progression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of colorectal cancer in a mouse xenograft model","volume":"23","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2020.12.018","article-title":"Impact of dietary fat composition and quantity in pancreatic carcinogenesis: recent advances and controversies","volume":"88","author":"Wirkus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411691","article-title":"The involvement of polyunsaturated fatty acids in apoptosis mechanisms and their implications in cancer","volume":"24","author":"Montecillo-Aguado","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091289","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids prevent early pancreatic carcinogenesis via repression of the AKT pathway","volume":"10","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2024.10.054","article-title":"Dietary omega-3 fatty acids mitigate intestinal barrier integrity alterations in mice fed a high-fat diet: implications for pancreatic carcinogenesis","volume":"155","author":"Machuca","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib22","article-title":"The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: updated guidelines for reporting animal research","volume":"18","author":"Percie du Sert","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/S1535-6108(03)00309-X","article-title":"Preinvasive and invasive ductal pancreatic cancer and its early detection in the mouse","volume":"4","author":"Hingorani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2005.04.023","article-title":"Trp53R172H and KrasG12D cooperate to promote chromosomal instability and widely metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in mice","volume":"7","author":"Hingorani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-010-0141-6","article-title":"The omega-3 index: clinical utility for therapeutic intervention","volume":"12","author":"Harris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1139\/cjas-2019-0164","article-title":"Red blood cells are superior to plasma for predicting subcutaneous trans fatty acid composition in beef heifers","volume":"100","author":"Vahmani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgae071","article-title":"Inhibition of phospholipase D1 reduces pancreatic carcinogenesis in mice partly through a FAK-dependent mechanism","volume":"46","author":"Addassi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.05.039","article-title":"Normalizing body weight with a dietary strategy mitigates obesity-accelerated pancreatic carcinogenesis in mice","volume":"155","author":"Wirkus","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib29","first-page":"71","article-title":"An improvement of the 2\u02c6(-delta delta CT) method for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction data analysis","volume":"3","author":"Rao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biostat. Bioinform. Biomath."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-15-1177","article-title":"Obesity-induced inflammation and desmoplasia promote pancreatic cancer progression and resistance to chemotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Incio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"issue":"5548","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1126\/science.294.5548.1871","article-title":"Prostaglandins and leukotrienes: advances in eicosanoid biology","volume":"294","author":"Funk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2013.11.003","article-title":"Stabilized epoxygenated fatty acids regulate inflammation, pain, angiogenesis and cancer","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib33","article-title":"Obesity: a chronic low-grade inflammation and its markers","volume":"14","author":"Khanna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-016-0755-5","article-title":"Efficacy of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation in managing overweight and obesity: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib35","first-page":"803","article-title":"The effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on weight loss and cognitive function in overweight or obese individuals on weight-loss diet","volume":"39","author":"Salman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-023-01185-6","article-title":"Fatty acids and their proteins in adipose tissue inflammation","volume":"82","author":"Mallick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Biophys."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.197","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids: a review of the effects on adiponectin and leptin and potential implications for obesity management","volume":"67","author":"Gray","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.02.012","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids in obesity and metabolic syndrome: a mechanistic update","volume":"58","author":"Albracht-Schulte","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2016.10.001","article-title":"Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids regulation of PPARs, signaling: Relationship to tissue development and aging","volume":"114","author":"Echeverria","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-1944-7","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids of marine origin upregulate mitochondrial biogenesis and induce beta-oxidation in white fat","volume":"48","author":"Flachs","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20061801","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations in young men and women consuming their habitual diets","volume":"96","author":"Bakewell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxz001","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acid-derived mediators that control inflammation and tissue homeostasis","volume":"31","author":"Ishihara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4560","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04474-2","article-title":"Eicosapentaenoic acid and 5-HEPE enhance macrophage-mediated Treg induction in mice","volume":"7","author":"Onodera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01460-1","article-title":"Angiogenic signaling pathways and anti-angiogenic therapy for cancer","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-07244-x","article-title":"Emerging mechanisms of lipid peroxidation in regulated cell death and its physiological implications","volume":"15","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022316625007928?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022316625007928?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T03:25:53Z","timestamp":1781234753000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022316625007928"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022316625007928"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3166"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3166","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Timing-Dependent Effects of \u03c9-3 Fatty Acids on Adipose Tissue and Tumorigenesis in Obesity-Driven Pancreatic Cancer in Mice","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101286","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Society for Nutrition.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101286"}}