{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:18:09Z","timestamp":1790666289109,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,2,26]],"date-time":"2027-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1803600000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":331,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"USAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7200AA22LE00002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7200AA22LE00002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T17:24:38Z","timestamp":1769707478000},"page":"101381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cost-Effectiveness of Food Fortification for Reducing Global Malnutrition: A Systematic Review of Economic Evaluations Across 63 Countries"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"156","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2480-3652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elise","family":"Cogo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3874-4817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferruccio","family":"Pelone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0599-3008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Pach\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6007-9238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0398-0051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Christou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1306-1721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gemma","family":"Villanueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5883-1411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Woldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9624-2519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Henschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9127-4909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Becky L","family":"Tsang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib1","series-title":"Why Fortify? Save Lives","year":"2025"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00367-9","article-title":"Micronutrient deficiencies among preschool-aged children and women of reproductive age worldwide: a pooled analysis of individual-level data from population-representative surveys","volume":"10","author":"Stevens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib3","series-title":"AFFORD: fighting malnutrition through large-scale food fortification","author":"TechnoServe","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib4","series-title":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Guidelines on food fortification with micronutrients","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib5","series-title":"New WHA resolution to accelerate efforts on food micronutrient fortification","year":"2023"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib6","first-page":"CD011400","article-title":"Food fortification with multiple micronutrients: impact on health outcomes in general population","volume":"12","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz023","article-title":"Improved micronutrient status and health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries following large-scale fortification: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"109","author":"Keats","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib8","series-title":"Copenhagen Consensus 2008 challenge paper: hunger and malnutrition","author":"Horton","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib9","series-title":"The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of mandatory folic acid and iodine fortification","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-017-0352-1","article-title":"A scoping review of the public health impact of vitamin D-fortified dairy products for fracture prevention","volume":"12","author":"Hiligsmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Osteoporos."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258488","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of mandatory folic acid fortification of flours in prevention of neural tube defects: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.7.PEDS20442","article-title":"Folate fortification and supplementation in prevention of folate-sensitive neural tube defects: a systematic review of policy","volume":"27","author":"Shlobin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-011-1492-8","article-title":"Economic burden of neural tube defects and impact of prevention with folic acid: a literature review","volume":"170","author":"Yi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"issue":"9890","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60996-4","article-title":"Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost?","volume":"382","author":"Bhutta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib15","first-page":"43","article-title":"Micronutrient program costs: sources of variations and noncomparabilities, Food Nutr","volume":"36","author":"Fiedler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.4.1068","article-title":"The economics of food fortification","volume":"136","author":"Horton","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib17","series-title":"Food fortification in a globalized world","first-page":"299","article-title":"Economics of food fortification","author":"Horton","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00373","article-title":"Rationale and plan for vitamin D food fortification: a review and guidance paper","volume":"9","author":"Pilz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib19","series-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.4","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib20","series-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions","article-title":"Chapter 20: economic evidence","author":"Aluko","year":"2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003583","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"18","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib22","first-page":"673","article-title":"Methods for the economic evaluation of health care interventions for priority setting in the health system: an update from WHO CHOICE","volume":"10","author":"Bertram","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Policy Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib23","series-title":"Reference case guidelines for benefit-cost analysis in global health and development","author":"Robinson","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib24","series-title":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation methods for economic evaluation project (MEEP)","year":"2014"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200624040-00006","article-title":"Good practice guidelines for decision-analytic modelling in health technology assessment: a review and consolidation of quality assessment","volume":"24","author":"Philips","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462305050324","article-title":"Criteria list for assessment of methodological quality of economic evaluations: consensus on health economic criteria","volume":"21","author":"Evers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Technol. Assess. Health Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2019.03.021","article-title":"Adjusting for inflation and currency changes within health economic studies","volume":"22","author":"Turner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-020-01536-x","article-title":"Challenges in synthesising cost-effectiveness estimates","volume":"9","author":"Shields","year":"2020","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12962-021-00260-0","article-title":"Cost per DALY averted in low- middle- and high-income countries: evidence from the global burden of disease study to estimate the cost-effectiveness thresholds, Cost Eff","volume":"19","author":"Daroudi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resour. Alloc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0297450","article-title":"A systematic review on the direct approach to elicit the demand-side cost-effectiveness threshold: implications for low- and middle-income countries","volume":"19","author":"Nu Vu","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00162-6","article-title":"Determining the efficiency path to universal health coverage: cost-effectiveness thresholds for 174 countries based on growth in life expectancy and health expenditures","volume":"11","author":"Pichon-Riviere","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib32","series-title":"Report on analysis of economic losses due to iron & folic acid deficiencies in Afghanistan: food fortification as a cost-effective strategy for economic growth","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib33","series-title":"Pakistan food fortification scoping study","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14726","article-title":"Comparing estimated cost-effectiveness of micronutrient intervention programs using primary and secondary data: evidence from Cameroon","volume":"1510","author":"Adams","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2678","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2678","article-title":"Iron fortification and iron supplementation are cost-effective interventions to reduce iron deficiency in four subregions of the world","volume":"134","author":"Baltussen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib36","series-title":"Food fortification in Asia: improving health and building economies","year":"2004"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980008002565","article-title":"A cost-effectiveness analysis of folic acid fortification policy in the United States","volume":"12","author":"Bentley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012046","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of \u201cgolden mustard\u201d for treating vitamin A deficiency in India","volume":"5","author":"Chow","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-6405.1996.tb01814.x","article-title":"Preventing the Wernicke\u2013Korsakoff syndrome in Australia: cost-effectiveness of thiamin-supplementation alternatives","volume":"20","author":"Connelly","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aust. N.Z. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017136","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of milk powder fortified with potassium to decrease blood pressure and prevent cardiovascular events among the adult population in China: a Markov model","volume":"7","author":"Dainelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980009991418","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of mandatory folate fortification v. other options for the prevention of neural tube defects: results from Australia and New Zealand","volume":"13","author":"Dalziel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2016.08.574","article-title":"Estimating the contribution on the reduction of the burden of iron deficiency anemia from the current fortification strategy of commercial foods targeted to infants and toddlers in India. Scenarios using systematic review and real world evidence","volume":"19","author":"Detzel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib43","series-title":"Cost benefit analysis of fortifying the food supply with folic acid","author":"Economics","year":"2006"},{"issue":"7526","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38652.550278.7C","article-title":"Cost effectiveness analysis of strategies for child health in developing countries","volume":"331","author":"Edejer","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1177\/156482651003100202","article-title":"Vitamin A fortification in Uganda: comparing the feasibility, coverage, costs, and cost-effectiveness of fortifying vegetable oil and sugar","volume":"31","author":"Fiedler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/156482651203300102","article-title":"Indian social safety net programs as platforms for introducing wheat flour fortification: a case study of Gujarat, India","volume":"33","author":"Fiedler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00449-9","article-title":"Cost analysis as a vitamin A program design and evaluation tool: a case study of the Philippines","volume":"51","author":"Fiedler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1177\/156482651403500112","article-title":"Managing the vitamin A program portfolio: a case study of Zambia, 2013\u20132042","volume":"35","author":"Fiedler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1177\/156482651503600106","article-title":"Assessing alternative industrial fortification portfolios: a Bangladesh case study","volume":"36","author":"Fiedler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1177\/156482651303400413","article-title":"Assessing Zambia\u2019s industrial fortification options: getting beyond changes in prevalence and cost-effectiveness","volume":"34","author":"Fiedler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650903000401","article-title":"A strategic approach to the unfinished fortification agenda: feasibility, costs, and cost-effectiveness analysis of fortification programs in 48 countries","volume":"30","author":"Fiedler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib52","series-title":"Analysis of economic losses due to iron & folic acid deficiencies in Pakistan: food fortification, a cost-effective strategy to reduce losses","author":"Ghauri","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib53","series-title":"Food fortification in Tajikistan: a cost-effective strategy for sustainable economic growth","author":"Ghauri","year":"2016"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2019.0719","article-title":"Estimating the health and economic benefits of universal salt iodization programs to correct iodine deficiency disorders","volume":"30","author":"Gorstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"5 Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.10.012","article-title":"Retrospective assessment of cost savings from prevention: folic acid fortification and spina bifida in the U.S","volume":"50","author":"Grosse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.058859","article-title":"Reevaluating the benefits of folic acid fortification in the United States: economic analysis, regulation, and public health","volume":"95","author":"Grosse","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13527","article-title":"The investment case for folic acid fortification in developing countries","volume":"1414","author":"Hoddinott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-9192(02)00070-2","article-title":"The economics of iron deficiency","volume":"28","author":"Horton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jce.2019.08.007","article-title":"Farewell to the god of plague: estimating the effects of China\u2019s universal salt iodization on educational outcomes","volume":"48","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Comp. Econ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckm129","article-title":"Economic evaluation of folic acid food fortification in the Netherlands","volume":"18","author":"Jentink","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib61","article-title":"Technical report: cost benefit analysis of oil and wheat flour fortification in Ethiopia","author":"Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN)"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1177\/0379572115598445","article-title":"Measuring the costs of vitamin A interventions: institutional, spatial, and temporal issues in the context of Cameroon","volume":"36","author":"Kagin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib63","series-title":"Supporting the national action plan on nutrition: estimating the cost, impact, cost-effectiveness, and economic benefits of expanding the coverage of direct nutrition interventions in Bangladesh","author":"Kakietek","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010244","article-title":"Reducing the burden of anemia and neural tube defects in low- and middle-income countries: an analysis to identify countries with an immediate potential to benefit from large-scale mandatory fortification of wheat flour and rice","volume":"13","author":"Kancherla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2015.09.885","article-title":"A cost-effectiveness study on the increased intake of potassium and vitamin B2 among adults in China","volume":"18","author":"Lara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2007.01.011","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of a folic acid fortification program in Chile","volume":"83","author":"Llanos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980007001085","article-title":"Iron and zinc deficiencies in China: what is a feasible and cost-effective strategy?","volume":"11","author":"Ma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(05)80306-9","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of a nutrition intervention program for pregnant women","volume":"11","author":"Mardones-Santander","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib69","unstructured":"T. Moges, B. Tesfaye, S. Vosti, R. Engle-Stone, D. Woldegebreal, H. Luo, et al., Fortifying oil with vitamin A and wheat flour with zinc: predicted impact on nutritional outcomes, lives saved and economic benefits, Ethiopian Public Health Institute (2020) [Internet]."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3986","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113986","article-title":"Potential of vitamin D food fortification in prevention of cancer deaths-a modeling study","volume":"13","author":"Niedermaier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.50.4.910","article-title":"Ironing out deficiencies: evidence from the United States on the economic effects of iron deficiency","volume":"50","author":"Niemesh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hum. Resour."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib72","first-page":"551","article-title":"Predicted effects and cost-effectiveness of wheat flour fortification for reducing micronutrient deficiencies, maternal anemia, and neural tube defects in Yaounde and Douala, Cameroon, Food Nutr","volume":"42","author":"Noshirvan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14775","article-title":"Fortification of staple foods with calcium: a novel costing tool to inform decision making","volume":"1513","author":"Palacios","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-557X.104242","article-title":"Economic evaluation of iodine deficiency disorder control program in Sikkim: a cost-benefit analysis","volume":"56","author":"Pandav","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Public Health"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib75","first-page":"830","article-title":"Estimating the contribution on the reduction of the burden of iron deficiency anemia from the current fortification strategy for commercial foods targeted to infants and toddlers in India","volume":"62","author":"Patron","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00317-7","article-title":"The costs and effectiveness of three vitamin A interventions in Guatemala","volume":"42","author":"Phillips","year":"1996","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib77","first-page":"207","article-title":"Benefit-cost analysis in the nutrition area: a project in the Philippines","volume":"14C","author":"Popkin","year":"1980","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5416","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095416","article-title":"Impact of fortified infant cereals on the burden of iron deficiency anemia in 6- to 23-month-old Indonesian infants and young children: a health economic simulation model","volume":"19","author":"Prieto-Patron","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/19439342.2023.2168728","article-title":"Benefit-cost analysis of iron fortification of rice in India: modelling potential economic gains from improving haemoglobin and averting anaemia","volume":"15","author":"Qureshy","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dev. Eff."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.166694","article-title":"The cost-effectiveness of mandatory folic acid fortification in Australia","volume":"143","author":"Rabovskaja","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib81","series-title":"Combating malnutrition in Ethiopia: an evidence-based approach for sustained results","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2012"},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2019.09.933","article-title":"RDB51 prevention as a public health measure: long-term effectiveness and cost effectiveness of a population-based iodine deficiency diseases prevention program","volume":"22","author":"Rochau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281077","article-title":"Prevented cases of neural tube defects and cost savings after folic acid fortification of flour in Brazil","volume":"18","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.85.5.667","article-title":"Folic acid fortification of grain: an economic analysis","volume":"85","author":"Romano","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265120334S307","article-title":"Thriving public-private partnership to fortify cooking oil in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) control vitamin A deficiency: Faire Tache d'Huile en Afrique de l\u2019Ouest","volume":"33","author":"Sablah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s40258-018-00454-3","article-title":"Real-world cost effectiveness of mandatory folic acid fortification of bread-making flour in Australia","volume":"17","author":"Saing","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Health Econ. Health Policy"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980015003171","article-title":"Economic evaluation of vitamin D and calcium food fortification for fracture prevention in Germany","volume":"20","author":"Sandmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20442","article-title":"Decline in the prevalence of neural tube defects following folic acid fortification and its cost-benefit in South Africa, Birth Defects Res. A Clin","volume":"82","author":"Sayed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Teratol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib89","series-title":"A report to FSANZ. Informing a strategy to increase folate levels to prevent neural tube defects: a cost-effectiveness analysis of options","author":"Segal","year":"2007"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601196","article-title":"The effect of a biscuit with red palm oil as a source of beta-carotene on the vitamin A status of primary school children: a comparison with beta-carotene from a synthetic source in a randomised controlled trial","volume":"55","author":"van Stuijvenberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14937","article-title":"Impacts of micronutrient intervention programs on effective coverage and lives saved: modeled evidence from Cameroon","volume":"1519","author":"Vosti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14275","article-title":"Strategies to achieve adequate vitamin A intake for young children: options for Cameroon","volume":"1465","author":"Vosti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzaa064_025","article-title":"Estimated effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a fortified edible oils program in Ethiopia","volume":"4","author":"Vosti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Dev. Nutr."},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib94","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of sunflower oil fortification with vitamin A in Tanzania by scale, Matern","volume":"15","author":"Walters","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Nutr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib95","first-page":"429","article-title":"[Cost-benefit analysis on the intervention of application iron-fortified soy sauce for anemia in Deqing 15\u201354 years women, Zhejiang]","volume":"52","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wei Sheng Yan Jiu"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"nzac010","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzac010","article-title":"Decisions to start, strengthen, and sustain food fortification programs: an application of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) Evidence to Decision (EtD) framework in Nigeria","volume":"6","author":"Friesen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Dev. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib97","series-title":"More money for nutrition and more nutrition for the money","author":"Shekar","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381_bib99","series-title":"Effect and safety of salt iodization to prevent iodine deficiency disorders: a systematic review with meta-analyses","author":"Aburto","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022316626000301?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022316626000301?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T15:13:56Z","timestamp":1776179636000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022316626000301"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022316626000301"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3166"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3166","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cost-Effectiveness of Food Fortification for Reducing Global Malnutrition: A Systematic Review of Economic Evaluations Across 63 Countries","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101381","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101381"}}