{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T23:28:24Z","timestamp":1786750104292,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016156","name":"US Army Medical Research and Development Command","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006229","name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006229","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T06:34:17Z","timestamp":1778654057000},"page":"101593","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exogenous Carbohydrate Oxidation Is Higher When Consuming Glucose + Fructose Compared with Glucose Alone during Endurance Exercise Regardless of Energy Status"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"156","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9940-0818","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"David E","family":"Barney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly N","family":"Panik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Michalak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marques A","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher T","family":"Carrigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy E","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devin J","family":"Drummer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee M","family":"Margolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.12261","article-title":"Pre-season energy deficiency predicts poorer performance during a competitive season in collegiate female long-distance runners","volume":"25","author":"Lundstrom","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6051945","article-title":"Energy requirements of US army special operation forces during military training","volume":"6","author":"Margolis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2012-0323","article-title":"Energy balance and body composition during US Army special forces training","volume":"38","author":"Margolis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01094789","article-title":"Body mass, body composition and sleeping metabolic rate before, during and after endurance training","volume":"69","author":"Westerterp","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00913.2018","article-title":"Graded reductions in preexercise muscle glycogen impair exercise capacity but do not augment skeletal muscle cell signaling: implications for CHO periodization","volume":"126","author":"Hearris","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa289","article-title":"Energy deficit increases hepcidin and exacerbates declines in dietary iron absorption following strenuous physical activity: a randomized-controlled cross-over trial","volume":"113","author":"Hennigar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000737","article-title":"Impact of muscle glycogen availability on the capacity for repeated exercise in man","volume":"48","author":"Alghannam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10030298","article-title":"Regulation of muscle glycogen metabolism during exercise: implications for endurance performance and training adaptations","volume":"10","author":"Hearris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000852","article-title":"American college of sports medicine joint position statement: nutrition and athletic performance","volume":"48","author":"Thomas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2014-0027","article-title":"Systematic review: carbohydrate supplementation on exercise performance or capacity of varying durations","volume":"39","author":"Stellingwerff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab124","article-title":"Impact of dietary carbohydrate restriction versus energy restriction on exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during aerobic exercise","volume":"13","author":"Small","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E242","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00418.2024","article-title":"Carbohydrate supplementation maintains physical performance during short-term energy deficit despite reductions in exogenous glucose oxidation","volume":"328","author":"Margolis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2009.03.016","article-title":"Exogenous glucose oxidation is reduced with carbohydrate feeding during exercise after starvation","volume":"58","author":"Rowlands","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.81.5.1952","article-title":"Reduced oxidation rates of ingested glucose during prolonged exercise with low endogenous CHO availability","volume":"81","author":"Jeukendrup","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-021-04609-4","article-title":"Exogenous carbohydrate and regulation of muscle carbohydrate utilisation during exercise","volume":"121","author":"Malone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0690-6","article-title":"Training the gut for athletes","volume":"47","author":"Jeukendrup","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s44410-025-00003-9","article-title":"Personalised carbohydrate feeding during exercise based on exogenous glucose oxidation: a proof-of-concept study","volume":"1","author":"Podlogar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Perform. Nutr."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20041368","article-title":"High rates of exogenous carbohydrate oxidation from a mixture of glucose and fructose ingested during prolonged cycling exercise","volume":"93","author":"Jentjens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00981.2004","article-title":"Exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during ultraendurance exercise","volume":"100","author":"Jeukendrup","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29566","article-title":"Fructose and glucose co-ingestion during prolonged exercise increases lactate and glucose fluxes and oxidation compared with an equimolar intake of glucose","volume":"92","author":"Lecoultre","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3549","DOI":"10.1113\/JP277116","article-title":"Fructose co-ingestion to increase carbohydrate availability in athletes","volume":"597","author":"Fuchs","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000284","article-title":"Glucose-fructose enhances performance versus isocaloric, but not moderate, glucose","volume":"46","author":"Baur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13555","article-title":"Carbohydrate dose influences liver and muscle glycogen oxidation and performance during prolonged exercise","volume":"6","author":"King","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib24","first-page":"23","article-title":"Table of nonprotein respiratory quotient: an update","volume":"16","author":"Peronnet","year":"1991","journal-title":"Can J. Sport Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13101","article-title":"A comparison of substrate oxidation during prolonged exercise in men at terrestrial altitude and normobaric normoxia following the coingestion of 13C glucose and 13C fructose","volume":"5","author":"O'Hara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"issue":"3-4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00233844","article-title":"Influence of the bicarbonate pool and on the occurrence of 13CO2 in exhaled air","volume":"63","author":"Pallikarakis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00974.2003","article-title":"Oxidation of combined ingestion of glucose and fructose during exercise","volume":"96","author":"Jentjens","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000139796.07843.1D","article-title":"High oxidation rates from combined carbohydrates ingested during exercise","volume":"36","author":"Jentjens","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.76.3.1014","article-title":"Respective oxidation of exogenous glucose and fructose given in the same drink during exercise","volume":"76","author":"Adopo","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00322.2005","article-title":"Exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates are elevated after combined ingestion of glucose and fructose during exercise in the heat","volume":"100","author":"Jentjens","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9020167","article-title":"Fructose and sucrose intake increase exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during exercise","volume":"9","author":"Trommelen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000155399.23358.82","article-title":"Oxidation of combined ingestion of maltodextrins and fructose during exercise","volume":"37","author":"Wallis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.3.903","article-title":"Substrate utilization during exercise with glucose and glucose plus fructose ingestion in boys ages 10--14 yr","volume":"90","author":"Riddell","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181857ee6","article-title":"Exogenous CHO oxidation with glucose plus fructose intake during exercise","volume":"41","author":"Hulston","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2017.1317035","article-title":"Glucose-fructose ingestion and exercise performance: the gastrointestinal tract and beyond","volume":"17","author":"Rosset","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200029060-00004","article-title":"Oxidation of carbohydrate feedings during prolonged exercise: current thoughts, guidelines and directions for future research","volume":"29","author":"Jeukendrup","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04106-9","article-title":"Liver and muscle glycogen oxidation and performance with dose variation of glucose-fructose ingestion during prolonged (3 h) exercise","volume":"119","author":"King","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00878.2007","article-title":"Effect of graded fructose coingestion with maltodextrin on exogenous 14C-fructose and 13C-glucose oxidation efficiency and high-intensity cycling performance","volume":"104","author":"Rowlands","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199410000-00014","article-title":"Gastric emptying of ingested solutions in man: effect of beverage glucose concentration","volume":"26","author":"Vist","year":"1994","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1032","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00376.2015","article-title":"Ingestion of glucose or sucrose prevents liver but not muscle glycogen depletion during prolonged endurance-type exercise in trained cyclists","volume":"309","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2900","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0250","article-title":"Muscle adaptation to short-term fasting in healthy lean humans","volume":"93","author":"Soeters","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(90)90009-2","article-title":"The effect of starvation on insulin-induced glucose disposal and thermogenesis in humans","volume":"39","author":"Mansell","year":"1990","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2491","article-title":"Prolonged fasting induces peripheral insulin resistance, which is not ameliorated by high-dose salicylate","volume":"93","author":"van der Crabben","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1103","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00613.2006","article-title":"Effects of fasting on insulin action and glucose kinetics in lean and obese men and women","volume":"293","author":"Bergman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"Pt 20","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4949","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.175489","article-title":"Improved insulin sensitivity after weight loss and exercise training is mediated by a reduction in plasma fatty acid mobilization, not enhanced oxidative capacity","volume":"587","author":"Schenk","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/1056-8727(94)00077-8","article-title":"Starvation diet and very-low-calorie diets may induce insulin resistance and overt diabetes mellitus","volume":"10","author":"Koffler","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9040344","article-title":"Glucose plus fructose ingestion for post-exercise recovery-greater than the sum of its parts?","volume":"9","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022316626002427?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022316626002427?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T23:24:08Z","timestamp":1786749848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022316626002427"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022316626002427"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3166"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3166","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Exogenous Carbohydrate Oxidation Is Higher When Consuming Glucose + Fructose Compared with Glucose Alone during Endurance Exercise Regardless of Energy Status","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Nutrition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101593","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101593"}}