{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T22:23:39Z","timestamp":1793917419681,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008358","name":"Hersenstichting","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DR-2021-00391"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DR-2021-00391"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008358","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004337","name":"Roche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004337","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010969","name":"Alzheimer Nederland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010969","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T07:25:20Z","timestamp":1747639520000},"page":"100204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Drug delivery strategies to cross the blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a comprehensive review on three promising strategies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9325-4745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lotte A.","family":"de Koning","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7506-199X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Vazquez-Matias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2216-4439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wissam","family":"Beaino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dani\u00eblle J.","family":"Vugts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guus A.M.S.","family":"van Dongen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8766-6224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wiesje M.","family":"van der Flier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Ries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dannis G.","family":"van Vuurden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Everard G.B.","family":"Vijverberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsmarieke","family":"van de Giessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16020151","article-title":"Drug discovery and development targeting dementia","volume":"16","author":"Zag\u00f3rska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0002","series-title":"The state of the art of dementia research: new frontiers","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2022.30","article-title":"Two randomized phase 3 studies of Aducanumab in early Alzheimer's disease","volume":"9","author":"Budd Haeberlein","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Prev Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2212948","article-title":"Lecanemab in early Alzheimer's disease","volume":"388","author":"van Dyck","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02326-3","article-title":"Tau-targeting antisense oligonucleotide MAPT(Rx) in mild Alzheimer's disease: a phase 1b, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Mummery","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0006","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease drug development pipeline: 2023","volume":"9","author":"Cummings","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dem (N Y)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00139-y","article-title":"Strategies for delivering therapeutics across the blood\u2013brain barrier","volume":"20","author":"Terstappen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Disc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-020-00663-w","article-title":"Aducanumab, gantenerumab, BAN2401, and ALZ-801-the first wave of amyloid-targeting drugs for Alzheimer's disease with potential for near term approval","volume":"12","author":"Tolar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2304430","article-title":"Two phase 3 trials of Gantenerumab in early Alzheimer's disease","volume":"389","author":"Bateman","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0010","series-title":"[Ad Hoc Announcement Pursuant To art. 53 LR] Roche Provides Update On Phase III Graduate Programme Evaluating Gantenerumab In Early Alzheimer\u2019s Disease [Press Release]","year":"2022"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-013-0187-4","article-title":"Developing therapeutic antibodies for neurodegenerative disease","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3685","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60438-z","article-title":"Antibody transcytosis across brain endothelial-like cells occurs nonspecifically and independent of FcRn","volume":"10","author":"Ruano-Salguero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2016.1171315","article-title":"CSF, blood-brain barrier, and brain drug delivery","volume":"13","author":"Pardridge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Deliv"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.07.030","article-title":"Structure and function of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"37","author":"Abbott","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X16679420","article-title":"Age-associated physiological and pathological changes at the blood-brain barrier: a review","volume":"37","author":"Erd\u0151","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3776","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa325","article-title":"Pathophysiological subtypes of Alzheimer's disease based on cerebrospinal fluid proteomics","volume":"143","author":"Tijms","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-023-00550-7","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid proteomics in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease reveals five molecular subtypes with distinct genetic risk profiles","volume":"4","author":"Tijms","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Ag"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.188","article-title":"Blood\u2013brain barrier breakdown in Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"14","author":"Sweeney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02461-2","article-title":"Convective forces increase rostral delivery of intrathecal radiotracers and antisense oligonucleotides in the cynomolgus monkey nervous system","volume":"18","author":"Sullivan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.26.2.179","article-title":"A new method for the generation and use of focused ultrasound in experimental biology","volume":"26","author":"Lynn","year":"1942","journal-title":"J Gen Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1300962","article-title":"A pilot study of focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor","volume":"369","author":"Elias","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0022","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2016. Available from: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-approves-first-mri-guided-focused-ultrasound-device-treat-essential-tremor. Accessed on October 24, 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31201","article-title":"Localized down-regulation of P-glycoprotein by focused ultrasound and microbubbles induced blood-brain barrier disruption in rat brain","volume":"6","author":"Cho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.05.008","article-title":"Internalization of targeted microbubbles by endothelial cells and drug delivery by pores and tunnels","volume":"347","author":"Beekers","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2013.05.008","article-title":"Amyloid-\u03b2 plaque reduction, endogenous antibody delivery and glial activation by brain-targeted, transcranial focused ultrasound","volume":"248","author":"Jord\u00e3o","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010549","article-title":"Antibodies targeted to the brain with image-guided focused ultrasound reduces amyloid-beta plaque load in the TgCRND8 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"5","author":"Jord\u00e3o","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/016173460803000304","article-title":"Noninvasive and transient blood-brain barrier opening in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's double transgenic mice using focused ultrasound","volume":"30","author":"Choi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ultrason Imaging"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.14140245","article-title":"Alzheimer disease in a mouse model: MR imaging-guided focused ultrasound targeted to the hippocampus opens the blood-brain barrier and improves pathologic abnormalities and behavior","volume":"273","author":"Burgess","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94188-3","article-title":"Safety evaluation of a clinical focused ultrasound system for neuronavigation guided blood-brain barrier opening in non-human primates","volume":"11","author":"Pouliopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"278","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278ra33","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa2512","article-title":"Scanning ultrasound removes amyloid-\u03b2 and restores memory in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model","volume":"7","author":"Leinenga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4102","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.79898","article-title":"Focused ultrasound mitigates pathology and improves spatial memory in Alzheimer's mice and patients","volume":"13","author":"Karakatsani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32250-3","article-title":"Time course of focused ultrasound effects on \u03b2-amyloid plaque pathology in the TgCRND8 mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Poon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4837","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.24512","article-title":"MRI and histological evaluation of pulsed focused ultrasound and microbubbles treatment effects in the brain","volume":"8","author":"Kovacs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5396","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.28717","article-title":"Unilateral focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening reduces phosphorylated tau from the rTg4510 mouse model","volume":"9","author":"Karakatsani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-022-00333-x","article-title":"Enhanced delivery of a low dose of aducanumab via FUS in 5\u00d7FAD mice, an AD model","volume":"11","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Neurodegener"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-021-00809-4","article-title":"A comparative study of the effects of Aducanumab and scanning ultrasound on amyloid plaques and behavior in the APP23 mouse model of Alzheimer disease","volume":"13","author":"Leinenga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s40477-023-00805-4","article-title":"FUS-mediated blood-brain barrier disruption for delivering anti-a\u03b2 antibodies in 5XFAD Alzheimer's disease mice","author":"Antoniou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Ultrasound"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12070951","article-title":"Acute effects of focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening on anti-Pyroglu3 abeta antibody delivery and immune responses","volume":"12","author":"Bathini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx052","article-title":"Combined effects of scanning ultrasound and a tau-specific single chain antibody in a tau transgenic mouse model","volume":"140","author":"Nisbet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.07.026","article-title":"Ultrasound-mediated delivery of novel tau-specific monoclonal antibody enhances brain uptake but not therapeutic efficacy","volume":"349","author":"Bajracharya","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Control Rel"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9255","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45577-2","article-title":"Ultrasound-mediated blood-brain barrier opening enhances delivery of therapeutically relevant formats of a tau-specific antibody","volume":"9","author":"Janowicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31071-8","article-title":"Focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening enhances GSK-3 inhibitor delivery for amyloid-beta plaque reduction","volume":"8","author":"Hsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"51","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32691","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1908658117","article-title":"Clinically approved IVIg delivered to the hippocampus with focused ultrasound promotes neurogenesis in a model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"117","author":"Dubey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab460","article-title":"Ultrasound delivery of a TrkA agonist confers neuroprotection to Alzheimer-associated pathologies","volume":"145","author":"Xhima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0045","article-title":"Scanning ultrasound-mediated memory and functional improvements do not require amyloid-\u03b2 reduction","author":"Leinenga","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2336","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04529-6","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier opening in Alzheimer's disease using MR-guided focused ultrasound","volume":"9","author":"Lipsman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-021-00269-8","article-title":"Extensive frontal focused ultrasound mediated blood-brain barrier opening for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: a proof-of-concept study","volume":"10","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Neurodegener"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9180","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2002571117","article-title":"Noninvasive hippocampal blood-brain barrier opening in Alzheimer's disease with focused ultrasound","volume":"117","author":"Rezai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21022-9","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier opening with focused ultrasound in Parkinson's disease dementia","volume":"12","author":"Gasca-Salas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29134","article-title":"Striatal blood-brain barrier opening in Parkinson's Disease dementia: a pilot exploratory study","volume":"37","author":"Pineda-Pardo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.9.JNS221565","article-title":"Focused ultrasound-mediated blood-brain barrier opening in Alzheimer's disease: long-term safety, imaging, and cognitive outcomes","volume":"139","author":"Rezai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0052","article-title":"\u03b2-amyloid plaque reduction in the hippocampus after focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"14","author":"D'Haese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac459","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier opening of the default mode network in Alzheimer's disease with magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound","volume":"146","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.14366\/usg.20138","article-title":"A pilot clinical study of low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"40","author":"Jeong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasonography"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-00981-1","article-title":"Pilot study of repeated blood-brain barrier disruption in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease with an implantable ultrasound device","volume":"14","author":"Epelbaum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0056","unstructured":"Safety and Feasibility of Exablate Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption for Mild Cognitive Impairment or Mild Alzheimer's Disease Undergoing Aduhelm Therapy (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05469009) [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/classic.clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT05469009. Accessed on September 28, 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2308719","article-title":"Ultrasound blood-brain barrier opening and Aducanumab in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"390","author":"Rezai","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00373","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier and delivery of protein and gene therapeutics to brain","volume":"11","author":"Pardridge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.118.224568","article-title":"(89)Zr-Immuno-PET: toward a noninvasive clinical tool to measure target engagement of therapeutic antibodies In vivo","volume":"60","author":"Jauw","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barker S.J., Thayer M.B., Kim C., et al. Targeting transferrin receptor to transport antisense oligonucleotides across the blood-brain barrier. BioRxiv. 2023:2023.04.25.538145.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.04.25.538145"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.154142","article-title":"Antibody-oligonucleotide conjugate achieves CNS delivery in animal models for spinal muscular atrophy","volume":"7","author":"Hammond","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-01132-2","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier penetrating neprilysin degrades monomeric amyloid-beta in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"14","author":"Rofo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229850","article-title":"Brain Shuttle neprilysin reduces central amyloid-\u03b2 levels","volume":"15","author":"Campos","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"545","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aay1163","article-title":"Brain delivery and activity of a lysosomal enzyme using a blood-brain barrier transport vehicle in mice","volume":"12","author":"Ullman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"5990","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1038\/312162a0","article-title":"Transferrin receptor on endothelium of brain capillaries","volume":"312","author":"Jefferies","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-396962-0.00011-2","article-title":"Reengineering biopharmaceuticals for targeted delivery across the blood-brain barrier","volume":"503","author":"Pardridge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-023-06109-3","article-title":"Application of (89)Zr-DFO*-immuno-PET to assess improved target engagement of a bispecific anti-amyloid-\u00df monoclonal antibody","volume":"50","author":"Stergiou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.17155","article-title":"Bivalent brain shuttle increases antibody uptake by monovalent binding to the transferrin receptor","volume":"7","author":"Hultqvist","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.10.011","article-title":"High detection sensitivity with antibody-based PET radioligand for amyloid beta in brain","volume":"184","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.10.061","article-title":"Increased brain penetration and potency of a therapeutic antibody using a monovalent molecular shuttle","volume":"81","author":"Niewoehner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7067","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.73509","article-title":"Advancing 89Zr-immuno-PET in neuroscience with a bispecific anti-amyloid-beta monoclonal antibody - the choice of chelator is essential","volume":"12","author":"Wuensche","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-018-0377-8","article-title":"Efficient clearance of A\u03b2 protofibrils in A\u03b2PP-transgenic mice treated with a brain-penetrating bifunctional antibody","volume":"10","author":"Syv\u00e4nen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-023-01236-3","article-title":"Long-term effects of immunotherapy with a brain penetrating a\u03b2 antibody in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimer's","volume":"15","author":"Gustavsson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res Therapy"},{"issue":"545","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aay1359","article-title":"Brain delivery of therapeutic proteins using an Fc fragment blood-brain barrier transport vehicle in mice and monkeys","volume":"12","author":"Kariolis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"261","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261ra154","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009835","article-title":"Therapeutic bispecific antibodies cross the blood-brain barrier in nonhuman primates","volume":"6","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2023.2261509","article-title":"Delivery of the Brainshuttle\u2122 amyloid-beta antibody fusion trontinemab to non-human primate brain and projected efficacious dose regimens in humans","volume":"15","author":"Grimm","year":"2023","journal-title":"MAbs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.22576","article-title":"IgG-single chain fv fusion protein therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease: expression in CHO cells and pharmacokinetics and brain delivery in the rhesus monkey","volume":"105","author":"Boado","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biotechnol Bioeng"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0078","first-page":"416","article-title":"A TREM2-activating antibody with a blood\u2013brain barrier transport vehicle enhances microglial metabolism in Alzheimer\u2019s disease models","volume":"26","author":"van Lengerich","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.11.024","article-title":"Discovery of novel blood-brain barrier targets to enhance brain uptake of therapeutic antibodies","volume":"89","author":"Zuchero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2023.09.008","article-title":"Bispecific antibody shuttles targeting CD98hc mediate efficient and long-lived brain delivery of IgGs","volume":"31","author":"Pornnoppadol","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Chem Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0081","unstructured":"Alzforum. Trontinemab 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.alzforum.org\/therapeutics\/trontinemab. Accessed on September 21, 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0082","first-page":"4","article-title":"16th clinical trials on Alzheimer\u2019s disease (CTAD) Boston, MA (USA) October 24\u201327, 2023: symposia","volume":"10","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Prev Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0083","unstructured":"Alzforum. Shuttle unloads more gantenerumab into the brain 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.alzforum.org\/news\/conference-coverage\/shuttle-unloads-more-gantenerumab-brain. Accessed on February 12, 2024."},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0084","first-page":"S2","article-title":"Abstract: symposia, conferences, oral communications: 14th clinical trials on Alzheimer's disease (CTAD) November 9-12, 2021","volume":"8","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Prev Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pizzo M.E., Plowey E.D., Khoury N., et al. Engineering anti-amyloid antibodies with transferrin receptor targeting improves safety and brain biodistribution. BioRxiv. 2024:2024.07.26.604664.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.07.26.604664"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denali Therapeutics reports second Quarter 2023 financial results and business highlights [press release]. 2023.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fopow.2023.08.020"},{"issue":"84","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84ra44","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3002230","article-title":"Boosting brain uptake of a therapeutic antibody by reducing its affinity for a transcytosis target","volume":"3","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2019.01.005","article-title":"Modulating the antibody density changes the uptake and transport at the blood-brain barrier of both transferrin receptor-targeted gold nanoparticles and liposomal cargo","volume":"295","author":"Johnsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"issue":"183","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005338","article-title":"Addressing safety liabilities of TfR bispecific antibodies that cross the blood-brain barrier","volume":"5","author":"Couch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2020.105314","article-title":"Quercetin lipid nanoparticles functionalized with transferrin for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"148","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13010038","article-title":"ApoE-targeting increases the transfer of solid lipid nanoparticles with donepezil cargo across a culture model of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"13","author":"Topal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.02.012","article-title":"Enhanced glutathione PEGylated liposomal brain delivery of an anti-amyloid single domain antibody fragment in a mouse model for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"203","author":"Rotman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Control Rel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.01.039","article-title":"Poly(n-butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles coated with polysorbate 80 for the targeted delivery of rivastigmine into the brain to treat Alzheimer's disease","volume":"1200","author":"Wilson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2017.12.006","article-title":"Antibody-functionalized polymer nanoparticle leading to memory recovery in Alzheimer's disease-like transgenic mouse model","volume":"14","author":"Carradori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.05.006","article-title":"Microglia-targeted inhibition of miR-17 via mannose-coated lipid nanoparticles improves pathology and behavior in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"119","author":"Badr","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1228679","article-title":"Recent progress of nanomedicine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-022-02209-9","article-title":"Donepezil HCl liposomes: development, characterization, cytotoxicity, and pharmacokinetic study","volume":"23","author":"Rajput","year":"2022","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9563","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46032-y","article-title":"Nasal delivery of donepezil HCl-loaded hydrogels for the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Al Harthi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15082119","article-title":"Optimizing absorption for intranasal delivery of drugs targeting the Central nervous system using alkylsaccharide permeation enhancers","volume":"15","author":"Madden","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010787","article-title":"Nanoparticles in clinical trials: analysis of clinical trials, FDA approvals and use for COVID-19 vaccines","volume":"24","author":"Namiot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0101","unstructured":"Study of APH-1105 in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT03806478). Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03806478. Accessed on January 9, 2024."},{"issue":"615","key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabj4011","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abj4011","article-title":"MR-guided focused ultrasound enhances delivery of trastuzumab to Her2-positive brain metastases","volume":"13","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00131","article-title":"Immuno-positron emission tomography with zirconium-89-labeled monoclonal antibodies in oncology: what can we learn from initial clinical trials?","volume":"7","author":"Jauw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204_bib0104","unstructured":"A study to assess distribution, binding, and retention of the monoclonal antibody trontinemab in the brain of healthy participants and patients with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/euclinicaltrials.eu\/search-for-clinical-trials\/?lang=en&EUCT=2023-509900-14-00. Accessed on April 26, 2025."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2274580725001487?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2274580725001487?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T15:16:20Z","timestamp":1762614980000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2274580725001487"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S2274580725001487"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204","relation":{},"ISSN":["2274-5807"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2274-5807","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Drug delivery strategies to cross the blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a comprehensive review on three promising strategies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjpad.2025.100204","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of SERDI Publisher.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100204"}}