{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T13:24:19Z","timestamp":1794230659255,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007300","name":"China Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMR-114-110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMR-114-110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007300","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007300","name":"China Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMU114-MF-62"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMU114-MF-62"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007300","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012544","name":"China Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012544","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012537","name":"Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R113-010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R113-010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T03:14:22Z","timestamp":1786158862000},"page":"100645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk of Dementia after initiation of GLP-1 RA versus long-acting insulin in patients with type 2 Diabetes mellitus"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Chien-Hung","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peir-Haur","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mu-Chi","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laing-You","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Jung","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0001","first-page":"834","article-title":"Neuropathology of dementia disorders","volume":"28","author":"Schneider","year":"2022","journal-title":"Contin (Minneap Minn)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1588","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes as a risk factor for dementia in women compared with men: a pooled analysis of 2.3 million people comprising more than 100,000 cases of dementia","volume":"39","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70284-2","article-title":"Risk of dementia in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Biessels","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0004","article-title":"Risk of dementia among patients with diabetes in a multidisciplinary, primary care management program","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2015.04.008","article-title":"The role of type 2 diabetes in neurodegeneration","volume":"84","author":"Verdile","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.112933","article-title":"HMGB1 signaling pathway in diabetes-related dementia: blood-brain barrier breakdown, brain insulin resistance, and Abeta accumulation","volume":"150","author":"Jeong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-1954","article-title":"Inflammation, defective insulin signaling, and mitochondrial dysfunction as common molecular denominators connecting type 2 diabetes to Alzheimer disease","volume":"63","author":"De Felice","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012050536","article-title":"Cognitive disorders and dementia in CKD: the neglected kidney-brain axis","volume":"24","author":"Bugnicourt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.692911","article-title":"Association between diabetic retinopathy and cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3673","article-title":"Comparison on cognitive outcomes of antidiabetic agents for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1802","article-title":"Effect of intranasal insulin on cognitive function: a systematic review","volume":"97","author":"Shemesh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.233","article-title":"Intranasal insulin therapy for Alzheimer disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment: a pilot clinical trial","volume":"69","author":"Craft","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70062-2","article-title":"Effects of basal insulin glargine and omega-3 fatty acid on cognitive decline and probable cognitive impairment in people with Dysglycaemia: a substudy of the ORIGIN trial","volume":"2","author":"Cukierman-Yaffe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0014","article-title":"Treatment with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and incidence of dementia: data from pooled double-blind randomized controlled trials and nationwide disease and prescription registers","volume":"8","author":"Norgaard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (N Y)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30173-3","article-title":"Effect of dulaglutide on cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes: an exploratory analysis of the REWIND trial","volume":"19","author":"Cukierman-Yaffe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23179583","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of GLP-1 receptor activation in the brain in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"23","author":"Diz-Chaves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S348055","article-title":"The role of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 R.A.) in diabetes-related neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"16","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Devel Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-4127-9","article-title":"Dementia onset, incidence and risk in type 2 diabetes: a matched cohort study with the Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase I","volume":"60","author":"Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70192-X","article-title":"Midlife type 2 diabetes and poor glycaemic control as risk factors for cognitive decline in early old age: a post-hoc analysis of the Whitehall I.I. cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Tuligenga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0020","first-page":"157","article-title":"Accuracy of diabetes diagnosis in health insurance claims data in Taiwan","volume":"104","author":"Lin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-302633","article-title":"Population based study on patients with traumatic brain injury suggests increased risk of dementia","volume":"83","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.04.069","article-title":"Validation of algorithms to identify stroke risk factors in patients with acute ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, or intracerebral hemorrhage in an administrative claims database","volume":"215","author":"Sung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6058","article-title":"Metrics for covariate balance in cohort studies of causal effects","volume":"33","author":"Franklin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2018.12.10","article-title":"Balance diagnostics after propensity score matching","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154265","article-title":"Impact of antidiabetic agents on dementia risk: a Bayesian network meta-analysis","volume":"109","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12541","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of once-weekly glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists for the management of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"17","author":"Karagiannis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12849","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and mixed-treatment comparison analysis","volume":"19","author":"Htike","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0498","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of short- and long-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists on a background of basal insulin in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Huthmacher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.18306","article-title":"Newer glucose-lowering drugs and risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"71","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-0222","article-title":"Insulin use in type 2 diabetes and the risk of dementia: a comparative population-based cohort study","volume":"46","author":"Alkabbani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1603827","article-title":"Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes","volume":"375","author":"Marso","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1607141","article-title":"Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"375","author":"Marso","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2018.09.004","article-title":"The GLP-1 analogs liraglutide and semaglutide reduce atherosclerosis in ApoE(-\/-) and LDLr(-\/-) mice by a mechanism that includes inflammatory pathways","volume":"3","author":"Rakipovski","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0749","article-title":"PIONEER 1: randomized clinical trial of the efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide monotherapy in comparison with placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"42","author":"Aroda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0883","article-title":"Oral semaglutide versus empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes uncontrolled on metformin: the PIONEER 2 trial","volume":"42","author":"Rodbard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1215740","article-title":"Larson E.B. Glucose levels and risk of dementia","volume":"369","author":"Crane","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05124-5","article-title":"Impact of glucose on risk of dementia: mendelian randomisation studies in 115,875 individuals","volume":"63","author":"Benn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.04.034","article-title":"Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia: JACC scientific expert panel","volume":"73","author":"Iadecola","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1159\/000107084","article-title":"Validity of dementia diagnoses in the Danish hospital registers","volume":"24","author":"Phung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S227458072600169X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S227458072600169X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T12:25:51Z","timestamp":1794227151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S227458072600169X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S227458072600169X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645","relation":{},"ISSN":["2274-5807"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2274-5807","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Risk of Dementia after initiation of GLP-1 RA versus long-acting insulin in patients with type 2 Diabetes mellitus","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100645","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of SERDI Publisher.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100645"}}