{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T12:43:34Z","timestamp":1791549814585,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]],"date-time":"2022-06-20T21:08:19Z","timestamp":1655759299000},"page":"102386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":134,"special_numbering":"C","title":["New challenges in human monkeypox outside Africa: A review and case report from Italy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Davide","family":"Mileto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agostino","family":"Riva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Cutrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Moschese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Mancon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Meroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Giacomelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Bestetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuliano","family":"Rizzardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Rita","family":"Gismondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0569-9407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spinello","family":"Antinori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib1","first-page":"125","article-title":"Emergence of monkeypox in West Africa and central Africa, 1970-2017","volume":"11","author":"Durski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1959.tb00328.x","article-title":"A pox-like disease in cynomolgus monkeys","volume":"46","author":"Von Magnus","year":"1959","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib3","first-page":"593","article-title":"A human infection caused by monkeypox virus in Basakunsu Territory, Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"46","author":"Ladnyj","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib4","first-page":"633","article-title":"Human infection with monkeypox virus: laboratory investigation of six cases in West Africa","volume":"46","author":"Lourie","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib5","first-page":"599","article-title":"Isolation and properties of the causal agent of a new variola-like disease (monkeypox) in man","volume":"46","author":"Marennikova","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011720","article-title":"Re-emergence of monkeypox in Africa: a review of the past six years","volume":"54","author":"Heymann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0703.017311","article-title":"Outbreak of human monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1996-1997","volume":"7","author":"Hutin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30294-4","article-title":"Outbreak of human monkeypox in Nigeria in 2017-18: a clinical and epidemiological report","volume":"19","author":"Yinka-Ogunleye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007791","article-title":"A systematic review of the epidemiology of human monkeypox outbreaks and implications for outbreak strategy","volume":"13","author":"Beer","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010141","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox- A potential threat? A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Bunge","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib11","first-page":"18","article-title":"Regional office for Africa","volume":"4","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021","journal-title":"Weekly Bulletin on Outbreak and other Emergencies : Met Week"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib12","first-page":"17","article-title":"Regional office for Africa","volume":"4","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022","journal-title":"Weekly Bulletin on Outbreak and other Emergencies : Met Week"},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib13","first-page":"642","article-title":"Update: multistate outbreak of monkeypox- Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin, 2003","volume":"52","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2003","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00228-6","article-title":"Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: a retrospective observational study in the UK","author":"Adler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib15","first-page":"980","article-title":"Diagnosis of imported monkeypox","volume":"25","author":"Erez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Israel, 2018. Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib16","first-page":"509","article-title":"Monkeypox in a traveller returning from Nigeria- Dallas","volume":"71","author":"Rao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Texas, July 2021. MMWR (Morb Mortal Wkly Rep)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2608.191387","article-title":"Imported monkeypox","volume":"26","author":"Yong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Singapore. Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2805.220292","article-title":"Imported monkeypox from international traveller, Maryland, USA","volume":"28","author":"Costello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib19","series-title":"Monkeypox multi-country outbreak- 23","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2010.07.012","article-title":"Real-time PCR assays for the specific detection of monkeypox virus West African and Congo Basin strain DNA","volume":"169","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib21","first-page":"277","article-title":"Smallpox and monkeypox in non-human primates","volume":"39","author":"Arita","year":"1968","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90748-8","article-title":"Isolation of monkeypox virus from wild squirrel infected in nature","volume":"1","author":"Khodakevich","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib23","first-page":"1009","article-title":"Fatal monkeypox in wild-living sooty mangabey","volume":"20","author":"Radonic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cote d\u2019Ivoire, 2021. Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81215-0","article-title":"A tale of two clades: monkeypox viruses","volume":"86","author":"Likos","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.05.030","article-title":"Virulence differences between monkeypox virus isolates from West Africa and the Congo basin","volume":"340","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13085","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92315-8","article-title":"Genomic history of human monkey pox infections in the Central African Republic between 2001 and 2018","volume":"11","author":"Berthet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib27","author":"Isidro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib28","author":"Martinez-Puchol"},{"issue":"8327","key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)92027-5","article-title":"Human monkeypox transmitted by a chimpanzee in a tropical rain-forest area of Zaire","volume":"1","author":"Mutombo","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/17.3.643","article-title":"The transmission potential of monkeypox virus in human population","volume":"17","author":"Fine","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1086\/505880","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of human monkeypox influenced by route of infection","volume":"194","author":"Reynolds","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168664","article-title":"Presumptive risk factors for monkeypox in rural communities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"12","author":"Quiner","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib33","first-page":"165","article-title":"Human monkeypox, 1970-79","volume":"58","author":"Breman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib34","first-page":"465","article-title":"Human monkeypox: secondary attack rates","volume":"66","author":"Jezek","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/154.4.551","article-title":"Human monkeypox: a study of 2,510 contacts of 214 patients","volume":"154","author":"Jezek","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2206.150579","article-title":"Extended human-to-human transmission during a monkeypox outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"22","author":"Nolen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib37","first-page":"145","article-title":"Secondary and tertiary transmission of vaccinia virus after sexual contact with a smallpox vaccine-San Diego, California","volume":"62","author":"CDC","year":"2013","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib38","first-page":"417","article-title":"Vulvar vaccinia infection after sexual contact with a military smallpox vaccine-Alaska, 2006","volume":"56","author":"CDC","year":"2007","journal-title":"MMWR (Morb Mortal Wkly Rep)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib39","first-page":"773","article-title":"Vaccinia virus infection after sexual contact with a military smallpox vaccine-Washington, 2010","volume":"59","author":"CDC","year":"2010","journal-title":"MMWR (Morb Mortal Wkly Rep)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e210","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa143","article-title":"Clinical course and outcome of human Monkeypox in Nigeria","volume":"71","author":"Ogoina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00856-9","article-title":"Human monkeypox: an emerging zoonosis","volume":"4","author":"Di Giulio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib42","first-page":"702","article-title":"The current status of human monkeypox: memorandum from a WHO meeting","volume":"62","author":"Anonymous","year":"1984","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16262","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005769107","article-title":"Major increase in human monkeypox incidence 30 years after smallpox vaccination campaigns cease in the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"107","author":"Rimoin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib44","article-title":"Evolution of a disease surveillance system: an increase in reporting of human monkeypox disease in Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"25","author":"Hoff","year":"2017","journal-title":"2001-2013. Int J Trop Dis Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib45","first-page":"747","article-title":"Monkeypox virus: ecology and public health significance","volume":"66","author":"Khodakevich","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib46","first-page":"27","article-title":"Reemergence of human monkey-pox and declining population immunity in the context of urbanization","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nigeria , 2017-2020. Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.04.062","article-title":"Human monkeypox- after 40 years, an unintended consequence of smallpox eradication","volume":"38","author":"Simpson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"Suppl.4","key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib48","first-page":"341","article-title":"Human monkeypox transmission dynamics thirty years after smallpox eradication in the Sankuru district, Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"93","author":"McMullen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib49","first-page":"232","article-title":"Genomic variability of monkeypox virus among humans, Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"20","author":"Kugelman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.19.242347","article-title":"Modelling human-to-human transmission of monkeypox","volume":"98","author":"Grant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib51","first-page":"1","article-title":"Transmission dynamics of Monkeypox virus: a mathematicl modelling approach","author":"Peter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Model Earth Syst Environ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/156.2.293","article-title":"Human monkeypox: clinical features of 282 patients","volume":"156","author":"Jezek","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib53","first-page":"459","article-title":"Clinico-epidemiological features of monkeypox patients with an animal or human source of infection","volume":"66","author":"Jezek","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib54","first-page":"1168","article-title":"Human monkeypox- Kasai oriental, democratic republic of Congo, february 1996-october 1997","volume":"46","author":"CDC","year":"1997","journal-title":"MMWR (Morb Mortal Wkly Rep)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1610.100713","article-title":"Human monkeypox outbreak caused by novel virus belonging to Congo Basin Clade, Sudan, 2005","volume":"16","author":"Formenty","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit703","article-title":"Human monkeypox","volume":"58","author":"McCollum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2919","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.8.2919-2921.2002","article-title":"Outbreaks of disease suspected of being due to human monkeypox virus infection in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2001","volume":"40","author":"Meyer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib58","first-page":"297","article-title":"Human monkeypox : confusion with chickenpox","volume":"45","author":"Jezek","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0589","article-title":"A tale of two viruses: coinfections of Monkeypox and Varicella Zoster virus in the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"104","author":"Hughes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.38.1800509","article-title":"Two cases of monkeypox imported to the United Kingdom, September 2018","volume":"23","author":"Vaughan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.32.2100745","article-title":"Family cluster of three cases of monkeypox imported from Nigeria to the UK, May 2021","volume":"26","author":"Hobson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032299","article-title":"The detection of monkeypox in humans in the western hemisphere","volume":"350","author":"Reed","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1086\/498115","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of human monkeypox, and risk factors for severe disease","volume":"41","author":"Huhn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3700143","article-title":"Monkeypox virus detection in rodents using real-time 3\u2032-minor groove binder TaqMan assays on the Roche LightCycler","volume":"84","author":"Kulesh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.5.1940-1946.2004","article-title":"Real-time PCR system for detection of orthopoxviruses and simultaneous identification of smallpox virus","volume":"42","author":"Olson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2006.03.012","article-title":"Detection of monkeypox virus with real-time PCR assays","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2011.05.002","article-title":"Species-specific identification of variola, monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses by multiplex real-time PCR assay","volume":"175","author":"Shchelkunov","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2004.07.004","article-title":"Multiplex PCR detection and species differentiation of orthopoxviruses pathogenic to humans","volume":"19","author":"Shchelkunov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Cell Probes"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib69","article-title":"Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of four cases on monkeypox support transmission through sexual contact","volume":"27","author":"Antinori","year":"2022","journal-title":"Italy, may 2022. Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0567","article-title":"Evaluation of the GeneXpert for human monkeypox diagnosis","volume":"96","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib71","author":"Gomes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib72","first-page":"867","article-title":"Characterization of acute phase humoral immunity to monkeypox: use of immunoglobulin M enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of monkeypox infection during the 2003 North American outbreak","volume":"12","author":"Karem","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1705688","article-title":"Oral tecovirimat for the treatment of smallpox","volume":"379","author":"Grosenbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.01.009","article-title":"Short-term clinical safety profile of brincidofovir: a favorable benefit-risk proposition in the treatment of smallpox","volume":"143","author":"Chittick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antivir Res"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13139","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.20.13139-13149.2005","article-title":"An orally bioavailable antipoxvirus compound (ST-246) inhibits extracellular virus formation and protects mice from lethal orthopoxvirus Challenge","volume":"79","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy326","article-title":"Effects of treatment delay on efficacy of tecovirimat following lethal aerosol monkeypox virus challenge in cynomolgus macaques","volume":"218","author":"Russo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01683-19","article-title":"Drug development against smallpox: present and future","volume":"64","author":"Delaune","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib78","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of a potential smallpox therapeutic, brincidofovir, in a lethal monkeypox virus animal model [published correction appears in mSphere","volume":"6","author":"Hutson","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.3390\/v2112409","article-title":"Development of ST-246 for treatment of poxvirus infections","volume":"2","author":"Jordan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01303-07","article-title":"Single-dose safety and pharmacokinetics of ST-246, a novel orthopoxvirus egress inhibitor","volume":"52","author":"Jordan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4900","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00904-12","article-title":"Safety and pharmacokinetics of the anti-orthopoxvirus compound ST-246 following a single daily oral dose for 14 days in human volunteers","volume":"56","author":"Chinsangaram","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1038\/323464a0","article-title":"A novel selective broad-spectrum anti-DNA virus agent","volume":"323","author":"De Clercq","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3153","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.8.3153-3162.2005","article-title":"Mechanism of inhibition of vaccinia virus DNA polymerase by cidofovir diphosphate","volume":"49","author":"Magee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11477","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01061-09","article-title":"Cidofovir inhibits genome encapsidation and affects morphogenesis during the replication of vaccinia virus","volume":"83","author":"Jesus","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.3390\/v2102213","article-title":"Synthesis and early development of hexadecyloxypropylcidofovir: an oral antipoxvirus nucleoside phosphonate","volume":"2","author":"Hostetler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.4.991-995.2002","article-title":"Enhanced inhibition of orthopoxvirus replication in vitro by alkoxyalkyl esters of cidofovir and cyclic cidofovir","volume":"46","author":"Kern","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2018.09.038","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial of oral brincidofovir for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation","volume":"25","author":"Marty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2016.12.621","article-title":"Brincidofovir for asymptomatic adenovirus viremia in pediatric and adult allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients: a randomized placebo-controlled phase II trial","volume":"23","author":"Grimley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1086\/587668","article-title":"Severe eczema vaccinatum in a household contact of a smallpox vaccinee","volume":"46","author":"Vora","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz286","article-title":"Preemptive tecovirimat use in an active duty service member who presented with acute myeloid leukemia after smallpox vaccination","volume":"69","author":"Lindholm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm2033620","article-title":"Orbital cowpox","volume":"384","author":"Kiernan","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.03.076","article-title":"Generalized cowpox virus infection in an immunosuppressed patient","volume":"106","author":"Wendt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib95","unstructured":"Cdc. 2022 Monkeypox and Orthopoxvirus outbreak global map. CDC.gov accessed on June 9, 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102362","article-title":"The never-ending global emergence of viral zoonoses after COVID-19? The rising concern of monkeypox in Europe, North America and beyond","volume":"49","author":"Leon-Figueroa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib97","article-title":"Community transmission of monkeypox in the United Kingdom","volume":"27","author":"Vivancos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib98","first-page":"27","article-title":"Ongoing monkeypox virus outbreak, Portugal","author":"Perez Duque","year":"2022","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2022.05.028","article-title":"Transmission of monkeypox virus through sexual contact- A novel route of infection","author":"Heskin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.22.2200411","article-title":"Monkeypox infection presenting as genital rash, Australia, May 2022","volume":"27","author":"Hammerschlag","year":"2022","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102368","article-title":"Coinfection with syphilis and monkeypox in HIV positive man in Prague, Czech Republic","volume":"49","author":"Bizova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7123e1","article-title":"Monkeypox outbreak- nine States, May 2022","volume":"71","author":"Minhaj","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR (Morb Mortal Wkly Rep)"}],"container-title":["Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1477893922001326?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1477893922001326?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T20:35:23Z","timestamp":1762547723000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1477893922001326"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"references-count":100,"alternative-id":["S1477893922001326"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-8939"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-8939","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"New challenges in human monkeypox outside Africa: A review and case report from Italy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102386","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102386"}}