{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T08:58:07Z","timestamp":1774342687885,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]],"date-time":"2007-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1167609600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]],"date-time":"2007-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1167609600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,25]],"date-time":"2006-09-25T07:15:25Z","timestamp":1159168525000},"page":"23-32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Dose and Hg species determine the T-helper cell activation in murine autoimmunity"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"229","author":[{"given":"Said","family":"Havarinasab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Bj\u00f6rn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jimmy","family":"Ekstrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Per","family":"Hultman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4984","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.10.4984","article-title":"Cutting edge: different toll-like receptor agonists instruct dendritic cells to induce distinct Th responses via differential modulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Fos","author":"Agrawal","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830260717","article-title":"Mercury induces polyclonal B cell activation, autoantibody production and renal immune complex deposits in young (NZB\u00d7NZW)F1 hybrids","volume":"26","author":"al-Balaghi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.4.1612","article-title":"IL-12 down-regulates autoantibody production in mercury-induced autoimmunity","volume":"160","author":"Bagenstose","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(81)90170-7","article-title":"Inhalation or ingestion of organic or inorganic mercurials produces auto-immune disease in rats","volume":"20","author":"Bernaudin","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/5.2.65","article-title":"A stationary cold-vapor technique for the determination of submicrogram amounts of mercury in biological tissues by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry","volume":"5","author":"Bourcier","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/0192-0561(93)90049-5","article-title":"Immunotoxicology of cadmium and mercury on B-lymphocytes. Part I. Effects on lymphocyte function","volume":"15","author":"Daum","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib7","series-title":"Immunotoxicology of Drugs and Chemicals","author":"Descotes","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830070605","article-title":"Mercuric chloride-induced anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies in the rat: genetic control","volume":"7","author":"Druet","year":"1977","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01946653","article-title":"Immune-mediated glomerulonephritis induced by mercuric chloride in mice","volume":"40","author":"Enestrom","year":"1984","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(91)90034-Q","article-title":"TH2 cells in systemic autoimmunity: insights from allogeneic diseases and chemically induced autoimmunity","volume":"12","author":"Goldman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2001.01636.x","article-title":"Murine metal-induced systemic autoimmunity: baseline and stimulated cytokine mRNA expression in genetically susceptible and resistant strains","volume":"126","author":"Haggqvist","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2004.11.020","article-title":"The immunosuppressive effect of methylmercury does not preclude development of autoimmunity in genetically susceptible mice","volume":"208","author":"Haggqvist","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2005.12.004","article-title":"Alteration of spontaneous autoimmune disease in (NZB\u00d7NZW)F1 mice by treatment with thimerosal (ethyl mercury)","volume":"1","author":"Havarinasab","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006","article-title":"Dose\u2013response study of thimerosal-induced murine systemic autoimmunity","volume":"194","author":"Havarinasab","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.08.019","article-title":"Immunosuppressive and autoimmune effects of thimerosal in mice","volume":"204","author":"Havarinasab","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1997.1160","article-title":"In vivo the environmental pollutants lead and mercury induce oligoclonal T cell responses skewed toward type-2 reactivities","volume":"179","author":"Heo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2005.01633.x","article-title":"Whole influenza virus vaccine is more immunogenic than split influenza virus vaccine and induces primarily an IgG2a response in BALB\/c mice","volume":"62","author":"Hovden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8456301","article-title":"Immune response in mice that lack the interferon-gamma receptor","volume":"259","author":"Huang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib19","first-page":"269","article-title":"Mercury induced antinuclear antibodies in mice: characterization and correlation with renal immune complex deposits","volume":"71","author":"Hultman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1998.8576","article-title":"Methyl mercury-induced autoimmunity in mice","volume":"154","author":"Hultman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1998.3833","article-title":"The effect of toxicokinetics on murine mercury-induced autoimmunity","volume":"77","author":"Hultman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.2001.0521","article-title":"The effect of dose, gender, and non-H-2 genes in murine mercury-induced autoimmunity","volume":"17","author":"Hultman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib23","first-page":"470","article-title":"Anti-fibrillarin autoantibodies in mercury-treated mice","volume":"78","author":"Hultman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1006\/clin.1995.1155","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility to silver-induced anti-fibrillarin autoantibodies in mice","volume":"77","author":"Hultman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.1996.0017","article-title":"Murine genotype influences the specificity, magnitude and persistence of murine mercury-induced autoimmunity","volume":"9","author":"Hultman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2004.07.012","article-title":"Thimerosal neurotoxicity is associated with glutathione depletion: protection with glutathione precursors","volume":"26","author":"James","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib27","series-title":"Immunobiology","author":"Janeway","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.182.6.1785","article-title":"Thiols decrease human interleukin (IL) 4 production and IL-4-induced immunoglobulin synthesis","volume":"182","author":"Jeannin","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1159\/000023959","article-title":"The genotype determines the B cell response in mercury-treated mice","volume":"116","author":"Johansson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.1.234","article-title":"The prototypic Th2 autoimmunity induced by mercury is dependent on IFN-gamma and not Th1\/Th2 imbalance","volume":"161","author":"Kono","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.4.2396","article-title":"Resistance to xenobiotic-induced autoimmunity maps to chromosome 1","volume":"167","author":"Kono","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000237110","article-title":"Mercuric-chloride-induced autoimmunity in mice involves up-regulated presentation by spleen cells of altered and unaltered nucleolar self antigen","volume":"108","author":"Kubicka-Muranyi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib33","first-page":"2335","article-title":"Interferon enhancement of radioimmunotherapy for colon carcinoma","volume":"51","author":"Kuhn","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00324789","article-title":"The comparative toxicology of ethyl- and methylmercury","volume":"57","author":"Magos","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(90)90303-3","article-title":"Cellular glutathione as a determinant of sensitivity to mercuric chloride toxicity. Prevention of toxicity by giving glutathione monoester","volume":"40","author":"Naganuma","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/15287399209531659","article-title":"Toxicokinetics of mercuric chloride and methylmercuric chloride in mice","volume":"37","author":"Nielsen","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health"},{"issue":"Suppl. 5","key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110s5877","article-title":"Mercury-induced autoimmunity in mice","volume":"110","author":"Nielsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1991.tb01223.x","article-title":"Methyl mercuric chloride toxicokinetics in mice. I: Effects of strain, sex, route of administration and dose","volume":"68","author":"Nielsen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3071","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.6.3071","article-title":"Glutathione levels in antigen-presenting cells modulate Th1 versus Th2 response patterns","volume":"95","author":"Peterson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1159\/000234999","article-title":"Immunological alterations inducible by mercury compounds. Part II. HgCl2 and gold sodium thiomalate enhance serum IgE and IgG concentrations in susceptible mouse strains","volume":"90","author":"Pietsch","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib41","first-page":"421","article-title":"Effects of mercury on the immune system","volume":"34","author":"Pollard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Met. Ions Biol. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3521","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.7.3521","article-title":"The autoimmunity-inducing xenobiotic mercury interacts with the autoantigen fibrillarin and modifies its molecular and antigenic properties","volume":"158","author":"Pollard","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.4.2263","article-title":"Proteolytic cleavage of a self-antigen following xenobiotic-induced cell death produces a fragment with novel immunogenic properties","volume":"165","author":"Pollard","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4120","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0342370","article-title":"Determination of methylmercury, ethylmercury, and inorganic mercury in mouse tissues, following administration of thimerosal, by species-specific isotope dilution GC-inductively coupled plasma-MS","volume":"75","author":"Qvarnstrom","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.1.237","article-title":"Mercuric chloride induces autoantibodies against U3 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein in susceptible mice","volume":"86","author":"Reuter","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1006\/clin.1997.4336","article-title":"Murine strain differences in response to mercuric chloride: antinucleolar antibodies production does not correlate with renal immune complex deposition","volume":"83","author":"Robinson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(78)90143-5","article-title":"Anti-basement membrane antibodies and antigen\u2013antibody complexes in rabbits injected with mercuric chloride","volume":"9","author":"Roman-Franco","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1984.10545872","article-title":"Effects of diet on mercury metabolism and excretion in mice given methylmercury: role of gut flora","volume":"39","author":"Rowland","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03033386","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of organomercurial compounds","volume":"5","author":"Sanfeliu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib50","first-page":"173","article-title":"Induction of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies in the Brown-Norway rat by mercuric chloride","volume":"28","author":"Sapin","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3109\/08923979209005410","article-title":"Immunotoxic effects of mercuric compounds on human lymphocytes and monocytes. Part I. Suppression of T cell activation","volume":"14","author":"Shenker","year":"1992","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3109\/08923979309066936","article-title":"Immunotoxic effects of mercuric compounds on human lymphocytes and monocytes. Part III. Alterations in B cell function and viability","volume":"15","author":"Shenker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/0192-0561(88)90136-1","article-title":"Immunopathological signs in mice treated with mercury compounds. Part I. Identification by the popliteal lymph node assay of responder and nonresponder strains","volume":"10","author":"Stiller-Winkler","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830230316","article-title":"Mercuric chloride down-regulates T cell interferon-gamma production in brown Norway but not in Lewis rats; role of glutathione","volume":"23","author":"van der Meide","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1159\/000236482","article-title":"MHC control of IL-4-dependent enhancement of B cell Ia expression and Ig class switching in mice treated with mercuric chloride","volume":"101","author":"van Vliet","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib56","series-title":"Environmental Health Criteria 118. Inorganic Mercury","author":"WHO","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/13.3.297","article-title":"IL-4 gene expression up-regulated by mercury in rat mast cells: a role of oxidant stress in IL-4 transcription","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0300483X06005762?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0300483X06005762?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T22:56:25Z","timestamp":1759532185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0300483X06005762"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0300483X06005762"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-483X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-483X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Dose and Hg species determine the T-helper cell activation in murine autoimmunity","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Toxicology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tox.2006.09.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}