{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T11:10:15Z","timestamp":1784545815437,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]],"date-time":"2010-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1283299200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]],"date-time":"2010-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1283299200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT"},{"name":"Institute for Interdisciplinary Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,1]],"date-time":"2010-07-01T04:41:01Z","timestamp":1277959261000},"page":"11-17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Neurotoxicity of heroin\u2013cocaine combinations in rat cortical neurons"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"276","author":[{"given":"Teresa","family":"Cunha-Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Cristina","family":"Rego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Garrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tice","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catarina R.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.109.152462","article-title":"Increased locomotor activity induced by heroin in mice: pharmacokinetic demonstration of heroin acting as a prodrug for the mediator 6-monoacetylmorphine in vivo","volume":"331","author":"Andersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1369.044","article-title":"Comparison between heroin and heroin\u2013cocaine polyabusers: a psychopathological study","volume":"1074","author":"Bandettini di Poggio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1985.179","article-title":"Kinetics of cocaine distribution, elimination, and chronotropic effects","volume":"38","author":"Chow","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.03.061","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase activation in rat cortical neurons treated with cocaine or amphetamine","volume":"1089","author":"Cunha-Oliveira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.04406.x","article-title":"Street heroin induces mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in rat cortical neurons","volume":"101","author":"Cunha-Oliveira","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.09.047","article-title":"Cocaine exposure in vitro induces apoptosis in fetal locus coeruleus neurons by altering the Bax\/Bcl-2 ratio and through caspase-3 apoptotic signaling","volume":"144","author":"Dey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11522","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3612-06.2006","article-title":"Cocaine increases the intracellular calcium concentration in brain independently of its cerebrovascular effects","volume":"26","author":"Du","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib8","unstructured":"EMCDDA, 2008. Annual Report 2008: the state of the drugs problem in Europe. http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/attachements.cfm\/att_64227_EN_EMCDDA_AR08_en.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib9","unstructured":"EMCDDA, 2009. Polydrug use: patterns and responses. http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/attachements.cfm\/att_93217_EN_EMCDDA_SI09_polydrug%20use.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-007-1375-z","article-title":"Spectroscopic and electrochemical studies of cocaine\u2013opioid interactions","volume":"388","author":"Garrido","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200302975","article-title":"Voltammetric oxidation of drugs of abuse III. Heroin and metabolites","volume":"16","author":"Garrido","year":"2004","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/18.1.22","article-title":"Disposition of heroin and its metabolites in heroin-related deaths","volume":"18","author":"Goldberger","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.03.029","article-title":"Morphine and 6-acetylmorphine concentrations in blood, brain, spinal cord, bone marrow and bone after lethal acute or chronic diacetylmorphine administration to mice","volume":"166","author":"Guillot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.2174\/1874143600802010070","article-title":"Mechanisms of acute cocaine toxicity","volume":"2","author":"Heard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Open Pharmacol. J."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(83)90616-1","article-title":"Evidence from opiate binding studies that heroin acts through its metabolites","volume":"33","author":"Inturrisi","year":"1983","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1385\/CT:5:4:377","article-title":"Cocaine increases intracellular calcium and reactive oxygen species, depolarizes mitochondria, and activates genes associated with heart failure and remodeling","volume":"5","author":"Lattanzio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.10014","article-title":"Internalization and trafficking of opioid receptor ligands in rat cortical neurons","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-6606-2-3","article-title":"Cocaine induces cell death and activates the transcription nuclear factor kappa-b in pc12 cells","volume":"2","author":"Lepsch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00236.x","article-title":"Understanding polydrug use: review of heroin and cocaine co-use","volume":"98","author":"Leri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3674","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0010-05.2005","article-title":"Repeated cocaine administration increases voltage-sensitive calcium currents in response to membrane depolarization in medial prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons","volume":"25","author":"Nasif","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60464-4","article-title":"Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse","volume":"369","author":"Nutt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04190.x","article-title":"Toxic effects of opioid and stimulant drugs on undifferentiated PC12 cells","volume":"965","author":"Oliveira","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm1150","article-title":"Regulation of cell death: the calcium-apoptosis link","volume":"4","author":"Orrenius","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401960","article-title":"Bcl-2 and Ca2+ homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum","volume":"13","author":"Pinton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(24)12378-4","article-title":"Selective potentiation of L-type calcium channel currents by cocaine in cardiac myocytes","volume":"56","author":"Premkumar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.2174\/157488406775268219","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic variability of heroin and its metabolites: review of the literature","volume":"1","author":"Rook","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(01)00689-X","article-title":"mu Opioid receptor-mediated G-protein activation by heroin metabolites: evidence for greater efficacy of 6-monoacetylmorphine compared with morphine","volume":"62","author":"Selley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS11042J","article-title":"Brain concentrations of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in fatal cases","volume":"30","author":"Spiehler","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2006.05.007","article-title":"Toxicological analysis in rats subjected to heroin and morphine overdose","volume":"166","author":"Strandberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI18533","article-title":"The addicted human brain: insights from imaging studies","volume":"111","author":"Volkow","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.5.295","article-title":"Upregulation of Bax and Bcl-2 following prenatal cocaine exposure induces apoptosis in fetal rat brain","volume":"5","author":"Xiao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(96)03341-0","article-title":"Cocaine-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in primary cultures of rat cardiomyocytes","volume":"112","author":"Yuan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1081\/DCT-100100119","article-title":"Effect of cocaine on mitochondrial electron transport chain evaluated in primary cultures of neonatal rat myocardial cells and in isolated mitochondrial preparations","volume":"23","author":"Yuan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug Chem. Toxicol."}],"container-title":["Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0300483X10002647?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0300483X10002647?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T23:11:40Z","timestamp":1759533100000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0300483X10002647"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0300483X10002647"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-483X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-483X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Neurotoxicity of heroin\u2013cocaine combinations in rat cortical neurons","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Toxicology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}