{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T04:03:28Z","timestamp":1791864208761,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004462","name":"National Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AD006.361.028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AD006.361.028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004462","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004462","name":"National Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FOE 2022-DSB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FOE 2022-DSB"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004462","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T12:00:18Z","timestamp":1745409618000},"page":"154160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Increased TSLP and oxidative stress reflect airway epithelium injury upon cigarette smoke exposure. Is there a role for carbocysteine?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"515","author":[{"given":"Paola","family":"Pinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Donz\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Di Vincenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2533-7446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Ferraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Lazzara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Giuseppina","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0082-3237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia","family":"Moukri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5987-1279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernardo","family":"Patella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8166-7998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosalinda","family":"Inguanta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Pace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11111771","article-title":"Cigarette smoke extract disturbs mitochondria-regulated airway epithelial cell responses to pneumococci","volume":"11","author":"Aghapour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6644002","article-title":"Oxidative stress-derived mitochondrial dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a concise review","volume":"2021","author":"Antunes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5972","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115972","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin and tezepelumab in airway diseases: from physiological role to target therapy","volume":"25","author":"Bagnasco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib4","article-title":"Wearable sensor for real-time monitoring of oxidative stress in simulated exhaled breath","volume":"18","author":"Bruno","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron. X"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI81113","article-title":"Mitochondria in lung disease","volume":"126","author":"Cloonan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2020.03.006","article-title":"Impaired activation of Notch-1 signaling hinders repair processes of bronchial epithelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke","volume":"326","author":"Di Sano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1007\/s13577-024-01080-z","article-title":"Tyndallized bacteria prime bronchial epithelial cells to mount an effective innate immune response against infections","volume":"37","author":"Di Vincenzo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2021.152751","article-title":"Cigarette smoke extract reduces FOXO3a promoting tumor progression and cell migration in lung cancer","volume":"454","author":"Di Vincenzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00735-y","article-title":"Role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in allergy and beyond","volume":"23","author":"Ebina-Shibuya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15020218","article-title":"Carbocysteine modifies circulating miR-21, IL-8, sRAGE, and fAGEs levels in mild acute exacerbated COPD patients: a pilot study","volume":"15","author":"Ferraro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"issue":"30","key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43138","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-33978-4","article-title":"Cigarette butts as a source of phenolic compounds for the environment","volume":"31","author":"Fojt\u00edkov\u00e1","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2016.05.005","article-title":"What is the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in blood and plasma?","volume":"603","author":"Forman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622315609251","article-title":"Eosinophilic airway inflammation: role in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"7","author":"George","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1324552","article-title":"Impact of particulate air pollution on airway injury and epithelial plasticity; underlying mechanisms","volume":"15","author":"Kayalar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10091429","article-title":"Redox regulation in aging lungs and therapeutic implications of antioxidants in COPD","volume":"10","author":"Kiyokawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.36.5.878","article-title":"Plasma hydrogen peroxide production in human essential hypertension: role of heredity, gender, and ethnicity","volume":"36","author":"Lacy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1439835","article-title":"In vitro evidence of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of a new nutraceutical formulation explains benefits in a clinical setting of COPD patients","volume":"15","author":"Lazzara","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-022-00767-w","article-title":"TSLP regulates mitochondrial ROS-induced mitophagy via histone modification in human monocytes","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3085756","article-title":"Oxidative stress and advanced lipoxidation and glycation end products (ALEs and AGEs) in aging and age-related diseases","volume":"2019","author":"Moldogazieva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.01.005","article-title":"Notch activation by the metalloproteinase ADAM17 regulates myeloproliferation and atopic barrier immunity by suppressing epithelial cytokine synthesis","volume":"36","author":"Murthy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1433961","article-title":"Role of mitochondria in inflammatory lung diseases","volume":"15","author":"Narala","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11122345","article-title":"Nrf2 and oxidative stress: a general overview of mechanisms and implications in human disease","volume":"11","author":"Ngo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.02.035","article-title":"Mitochondria: in sickness and in health","volume":"148","author":"Nunnari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22183","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28786","article-title":"MiR-21 upregulation increases IL-8 expression and tumorigenesis program in airway epithelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke","volume":"234","author":"Pace","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13762","article-title":"Role of airway epithelium in viral respiratory infections: can carbocysteine prevent or mitigate them?","volume":"172","author":"Pace","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s12192-013-0424-0","article-title":"Comparative cytoprotective effects of carbocysteine and fluticasone propionate in cigarette smoke extract-stimulated bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"18","author":"Pace","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Stress Chaperon."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2012.02842.x","article-title":"Increased expression of IL -19 in the epithelium of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps","volume":"67","author":"Pace","year":"2012","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.106190","article-title":"Use of mucolytics in COPD: a delphi consensus study","volume":"175","author":"Papi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1201658","article-title":"Mechanisms of airway epithelial injury and abnormal repair in asthma and COPD","volume":"14","author":"Raby","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2019.1570133","article-title":"Inhaled therapies and cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"20","author":"Rogliani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01397-2023","article-title":"The airway epithelium: an orchestrator of inflammation, a key structural barrier and a therapeutic target in severe asthma","volume":"63","author":"Russell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00162414","article-title":"Eosinophilic inflammation in COPD: Prevalence and clinical characteristics","volume":"44","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000252","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin in cigarette smoke-exposed human airway smooth muscle","volume":"185","author":"Smelter","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12725","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612725","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), its isoforms and the interplay with the epithelium in allergy and asthma","volume":"24","author":"Smolinska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527313666140806144831","article-title":"Receptor for AGEs (RAGE) as mediator of NF-kB pathway activation in neuroinflammation and oxidative stress","volume":"13","author":"Tobon-Velasco","year":"2014","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00177","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00177-2024","article-title":"What every clinician should know about inflammation in COPD","volume":"10","author":"Wechsler","year":"2024","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2790","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.4.2790","article-title":"Expression and cellular provenance of thymic stromal lymphopoietin and chemokines in patients with severe asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"181","author":"Ying","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.04.010","article-title":"Blood eosinophil count thresholds and exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"141","author":"Yun","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1177\/1753465816654873","article-title":"Notch signaling in lung diseases: focus on Notch1 and Notch3","volume":"10","author":"Zong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Respir. Dis."}],"container-title":["Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0300483X25001179?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0300483X25001179?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T11:18:16Z","timestamp":1769858296000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0300483X25001179"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["S0300483X25001179"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-483X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-483X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Increased TSLP and oxidative stress reflect airway epithelium injury upon cigarette smoke exposure. Is there a role for carbocysteine?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Toxicology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tox.2025.154160","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"154160"}}