{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T19:54:47Z","timestamp":1791057287567,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007109","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Ferrara","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FAR 2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAR 2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007109","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007109","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Ferrara","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FAR 2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAR 2026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007109","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T07:04:35Z","timestamp":1790147075000},"page":"154593","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Multiorgan toxicity of 3-Chloromethcathinone (3-CMC) in male and female mice: Translational implications for liver, kidney, and spleen"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"528","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6462-2373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"De Luca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5744-6363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Venuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3753-4627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Bassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrine","family":"Bilel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghma","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adolfo","family":"Gregori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Merli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2154-5897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo Alessandro","family":"Locatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Marti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7590-5363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Roda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-026-03969-w","article-title":"Prevalence and toxicological significance of 3-CMC and 4-CMC: a retrospective study of over 250 forensic cases (2015\u20132025)","author":"Adamowicz","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib2","unstructured":"Available online: https:\/\/psychonautwiki.org\/wiki\/3-CMC (accessed on 7 September 2026)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib3","first-page":"282","article-title":"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Clinical Features and Pathogenesis","volume":"2","author":"Basaranoglu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11600","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262311600","article-title":"3-CMC: acute effects in male and female mice, human intoxication case series (Italy, 2014-2025), and prediction of ADMET properties","volume":"26","author":"Bassi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112596","article-title":"\u03b1-PHP: Acute Effects and Pharmacokinetic in Male and Female Mice, and Clinical Data on Related Intoxications","volume":"269","author":"Bassi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug. Alcohol. Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bilel, S.; Montesano, C.; Tirri, M.; Corli, G.; Bassi, M.; Cocita, N.; Di Rosa, F.; Gregori, A.; Trapella, C.; Sergi, M.; et al. (n.d.)Sex-Related Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacological Responses to 4F-Furanylfentanyl. Front. Pharmacol. 17, 1745891, doi:10.3389\/fphar.2026.1745891.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1745891"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib7","unstructured":"CD-1\u00ae IGS Mouse Available online: https:\/\/www.criver.com\/products-services\/find-model\/cd-1r-igs-mouse (accessed on 17 July 2026)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-020-02467-x","article-title":"Histological Quantification of Decomposed Human Livers: A Potential Aid for Estimation of the Post-Mortem Interval?","volume":"135","author":"Ceciliason","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.3109\/15376516.2013.803270","article-title":"Apoptosis Induction and Histological Changes in Rat Kidney Following Cd-Doped Silica Nanoparticle Exposure: Evidence of Persisting Effects","volume":"23","author":"Coccini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib10","series-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib11","unstructured":"Coman, C.; Vlase, E.; Dinu, A.. (n.d.)HEMATOLOGICAL AND PLASMA BIOCHEMICAL VALUES IN FOUR SPECIFIC PATHOGEN-FREE MICE STRAINS PRODUCED IN THE ANIMAL FACILITY AT CANTACUZINO INSTITUTE, BUCHAREST."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2025.110758","article-title":"Repeated Administration of the Synthetic Cannabinoid AKB48 Induces Serotonergic Neuroadaptation in Male and Female Mice: Behavioural and Immunohistochemical Evidence","volume":"283","author":"Corli","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177633","article-title":"Repeated Treatment with JWH-018 Progressively Increases Motor Activity and Aggressiveness in Male Mice: Involvement of CB1 Cannabinoid and D1\/D2 Dopaminergic Receptors","volume":"998","author":"Corli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.16311","article-title":"Sex-Specific Behavioural, Metabolic, and Immunohistochemical Changes after Repeated Administration of the Synthetic Cannabinoid AKB48 in Mice","volume":"181","author":"Corli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13020161","article-title":"Pharmaco-Toxicological Effects of Atypical Synthetic Cathinone Mephtetramine (MTTA) in Mice: Possible Reasons for Its Brief Appearance over NPSs Scene","volume":"13","author":"Corli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13020161","article-title":"Pharmaco-Toxicological Effects of Atypical Synthetic Cathinone Mephtetramine (MTTA) in Mice: Possible Reasons for Its Brief Appearance over NPSs Scene","volume":"13","author":"Corli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-05205-9","article-title":"Osteogenesis Imperfecta: A Look into the Cerebellum of the Brtl Murine Model","author":"De Luca","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3867","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27093867","article-title":"The Synthetic Cannabinoid AKB-48 Induces Cell Death in Murine Cerebellum Through Different Signaling Pathways","volume":"27","author":"De Luca","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors13120426","article-title":"Emerging Novel Psychoactive Substances (2020\u20132025): GC-MS Approaches for Separation, Detection, and Characterization","volume":"13","author":"Dimi\u0107","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chemosensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2019.1660364","article-title":"Genotoxic, Biochemical and Histopathological Studies to Assessment the Topiramate Hepatorenal Toxicity in Mice","volume":"45","author":"El Makawy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug. Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230600865523","article-title":"Enhanced Histopathology of the Spleen","volume":"34","author":"Elmore","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib22","unstructured":"EU Drug Market: New Psychoactive Substances \u2014 Distribution and Supply in Europe: Synthetic Cathinones | (n.d.)Www.Euda.Europa.Eu Available online: https:\/\/www.euda.europa.eu\/publications\/eu-drug-markets\/new-psychoactive-substances\/distribution-and-supply\/synthetic-cathinones_en (accessed on 23 July 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib23","series-title":"European Drug Report 2023","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib24","series-title":"European drug report \u2026 (Online)","author":"European Union Drugs Agency European Drug Report 2024","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: A Flexible Statistical Power Analysis Program for the Social, Behavioral, and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112364","article-title":"Investigating 3-CMC Metabolism: Insights from Liver Microsomes and Postmortem Biological Matrix","volume":"367","author":"Feliu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.06.075","article-title":"Apoptosis and Active Caspase-3 Expression in Human Granulosa Cells","volume":"83","author":"Glamoclija","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00394","article-title":"Histological Disorganization of Spleen Compartments and Severe Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"Hermida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2013.07.001","article-title":"Activation of ERK Accelerates Repair of Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells, Whereas It Inhibits Progression of Fibrosis Following Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury","volume":"1832","author":"Jang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2018.09.017","article-title":"Fragmentation of Kidney Epithelial Cell Primary Cilia Occurs by Cisplatin and These Cilia Fragments Are Excreted into the Urine","volume":"20","author":"Kong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib31","article-title":"Fighting secondary triple-negative breast cancer in cerebellum: a powerful aid from a medicinal mushrooms blend","volume":"159","author":"Luca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother. Biomedecine Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-026-02393-w","article-title":"Exploring the Brain in Osteogenesis Imperfecta: Insights from the Motor Cortex and Striatum of the Brtl+\/\u2212 Murine Model","author":"Lugli","year":"2026","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3782","article-title":"Metabolism Study of 3-Chloromethcathinone (3-CMC) by Dried Blood Spot (DBS) Sampling after Controlled Administration Using a Murine Model","volume":"17","author":"Mestria","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug. Test. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010412","article-title":"TUNEL Assay: A Powerful Tool for Kidney Injury Evaluation","volume":"22","author":"Moore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib35","first-page":"393","article-title":"Using TUNEL in Combination with an Active Caspase-3 Immunoassay to Identify Cells Undergoing Apoptosis in Preimplantation Mammalian Embryos","volume":"254","author":"Mullen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-0105.177703","article-title":"A Simple Practice Guide for Dose Conversion between Animals and Human","volume":"7","author":"Nair","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Basic. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12070984","article-title":"Gender Differences in the Pathogenesis and Risk Factors of Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Nevola","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252853","article-title":"Sustained Splenic Contraction after Daily Cocaine Administration in Rats","volume":"16","author":"Nomura","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib39","first-page":"96","article-title":"Practical Murine Hematopathology: A Comparative Review and Implications for Research","volume":"65","author":"O\u2019Connell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib40","first-page":"457","article-title":"Drug-Induced Impairment of Renal Function","volume":"7","author":"Pazhayattil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Nephrol. Renov. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.09.008","article-title":"Pulmonary and Hepatic Effects after Low Dose Exposure to Nanosilver: Early and Long-Lasting Histological and Ultrastructural Alterations in Rat","volume":"6","author":"Roda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib42","article-title":"From a Medicinal Mushroom Blend a Direct Anticancer Effect on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Preclinical Study on Lung Metastases","volume":"25","author":"Roda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Basel Switz."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2008.08.003","article-title":"Lymphocyte Recruitment to the Liver; Molecular Insights into the Pathogenesis of Liver Injury and Hepatitis","volume":"254","author":"Shetty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib44","article-title":"Drugs of abuse and kidney toxicity","volume":"32","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.8b00524","article-title":"Systematic structure-activity studies on selected 2-, 3-, and 4-monosubstituted synthetic methcathinone analogs as monoamine transporter releasing agents","volume":"10","author":"Walther","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib46","unstructured":"World Drug Report 2023 - Special Points of Interest Available online: \/\/www.unodc.org\/unodc\/en\/data-and-analysis\/wdr-2023_Special_Points.html (accessed on 23 July 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2022.107158","article-title":"Regulation of spermatogenic cell apoptosis by the pro-apoptotic proteins in the testicular tissues of mammalian and avian species","volume":"247","author":"Zakariah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593_bib48","article-title":"Renal medulla is more sensitive to cisplatin than cortex revealed by untargeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics in rats","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0300483X26002003?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0300483X26002003?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T19:42:38Z","timestamp":1791056558000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0300483X26002003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0300483X26002003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-483X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-483X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Multiorgan toxicity of 3-Chloromethcathinone (3-CMC) in male and female mice: Translational implications for liver, kidney, and spleen","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Toxicology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tox.2026.154593","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"154593"}}