{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T05:00:27Z","timestamp":1784178027767,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]],"date-time":"2018-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["USDA-NIFA-10207-AHDR-17-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["USDA-NIFA-10207-AHDR-17-0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicon: X"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,13]],"date-time":"2018-12-13T01:30:50Z","timestamp":1544664650000},"page":"100003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Anabaena\/Dolichospermum as the source of lethal microcystin levels responsible for a large cattle toxicosis event"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4224-739X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theo W.","family":"Dreher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay P.","family":"Collart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan S.","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly H.","family":"Halsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Bildfell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Schreder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arya","family":"Sobhakumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodney","family":"Ferry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins5091597","article-title":"Canine cyanotoxin poisonings in the United States (1920s\u20132012): review of suspected and confirmed cases from three data sources","volume":"5","author":"Backer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7041048","article-title":"Cyanobacteria and algae blooms: review of health and environmental data from the harmful algal bloom-related illness surveillance system (HABISS) 2007\u20132011","author":"Backer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W204","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt449","article-title":"antiSMASH 2.0\u2014a versatile platform for genome mining of secondary metabolite producers","volume":"41","author":"Blin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5207","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00001-10","article-title":"Population turnover in a Microcystis bloom results in predominantly non-toxigenic variants late in the season","volume":"76","author":"Bozarth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2003019","article-title":"Health hazards for terrestrial vertebrates from toxic cyanobacteria in surface water ecosystems","volume":"34","author":"Briand","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib6","series-title":"Current Approaches to Cyanotoxin Risk Assessment, Risk Management and Regulations in Different Countries","author":"Chorus","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib7","series-title":"Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: a Guide to Their Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management","author":"Chorus","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib8","first-page":"258","article-title":"Liver and biliary system","volume":"vol. 2","author":"Cullen","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2012.12000.x","article-title":"Cyanobacterial toxins: biosynthetic routes and evolutionary roots","volume":"37","author":"Dittmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2018.05.009","article-title":"A\u00a0closely-related clade of globally distributed bloom-forming cyanobacteria within the Nostocales","volume":"77","author":"Driscoll","year":"2018","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1071\/BI9780209","article-title":"Isolation, characterization and pathology of the toxin from a Microcystis aeruginosa (= Anacystis cyanea) bloom","volume":"31","author":"Elleman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Aust. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1071\/BI9810179","article-title":"Liver pathology in mice in poisoning by the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa","volume":"34","author":"Falconer","year":"1981","journal-title":"Aust. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.2216\/i0031-8884-40-3-228.1","article-title":"Toxic cyanobacterial bloom problems in Australian waters: risks and impacts on human health","volume":"40","author":"Falconer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phycologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-7278(199902)14:1<13::AID-TOX4>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Microcystins (hepatotoxic heptapeptides) in German fresh water bodies","volume":"14","author":"Fastner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1987.48.09.1415","article-title":"Blue-green algae (Microcystis aeruginosa) hepatotoxicosis in dairy cows","volume":"48","author":"Galey","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7361","DOI":"10.1021\/es1008938","article-title":"Cyanotoxin mixtures and taste-and-odor compounds in cyanobacterial blooms from the Midwestern United States","volume":"44","author":"Graham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1021\/tx00023a008","article-title":"Microcystins from anabaena flos-aquae NRC 525-17","volume":"4","author":"Harada","year":"1991","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2008.02.001","article-title":"Spatial and temporal diversity of microcystins and microcystin-producing genotypes in Oneida Lake, NY","volume":"7","author":"Hotto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/07438140709353916","article-title":"The occurrence and response to toxic cyanobacteria in the Pacific Northwest, North America","volume":"23","author":"Jacoby","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lake Reserv. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib20","series-title":"Klamath Basin Monitoring Program Blue-Green Algae Tracker","author":"KBMP","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv600","article-title":"Computational discovery of specificity-conferring sites in non-ribosomal peptide synthetases","volume":"32","author":"Knudsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.2478\/s13545-013-0093-8","article-title":"Cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in Polish freshwater bodies","volume":"42","author":"Kobos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-012-1027-y","article-title":"An update to modern taxonomy (2011) of freshwater planktic heterocytous cyanobacteria","volume":"698","author":"Kom\u00e1rek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib24","first-page":"221","article-title":"Symptoms and pathology produced by toxic Microcystis aeruginosa NRC-1 in laboratory and domestic animals","volume":"29","author":"Konst","year":"1965","journal-title":"Can. J. Comp. Med. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(86)90087-5","article-title":"Toxic peptides from freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). I. Isolation, purification and characterization of peptides from Microcystis aeruginosa and Anabaena flos-aquae","volume":"24","author":"Krishnamurthy","year":"1986","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2001.0744","article-title":"Occurrence of microcystins in raw water sources and treated drinking water of Finnish waterworks","volume":"43","author":"Lahti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1923","article-title":"Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2","volume":"9","author":"Langmead","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2015.10.015","article-title":"An overview of diversity, occurrence, genetics and toxin production of bloom-forming Dolichospermum (Anabaena) species","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2016.04.001","article-title":"Cyanotoxins in inland lakes of the United States: occurrence and potential recreational health risks in the EPA National Lakes Assessment 2007","volume":"56","author":"Loftin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/09670269710001737029","article-title":"Identification of a microcystin in benthic cyanobacteria linked to cattle deaths on alpine pastures in Switzerland","volume":"32","author":"Mez","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phycol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3354\/ame01320","article-title":"Diversity of Microcystis aeruginosa in the Klamath River and San Francisco Bay delta, California, USA","volume":"57","author":"Moisander","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aquat. Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2013.0084","article-title":"Assembling single-cell genomes and mini-metagenomes from chimeric MDA products","volume":"20","author":"Nurk","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Comput. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib33","first-page":"219","article-title":"Poisoning in cattle caused by blue-green algae","volume":"16","author":"Odriozola","year":"1984","journal-title":"Rev. Argent. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2015.05.007","article-title":"Application of molecular tools for microbial source tracking and public health risk assessment of a Microcystis bloom traversing 300 km of the Klamath River","volume":"46","author":"Otten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5410","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01334-16","article-title":"Elucidation of taste-and-odor producing bacteria and toxigenic cyanobacteria by shotgun metagenomics in a Midwestern drinking water supply reservoir","volume":"82","author":"Otten","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.63276-0","article-title":"Phylogenetic and morphological evaluation of the genera anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Trichormus and Nostoc (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria)","volume":"55","author":"Rajaniemi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6101","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01058-06","article-title":"Detection of microcystin-producing cyanobacteria in Finnish lakes with genus-specific microcystin synthetase gene E (mcyE) PCR and associations with environmental factors","volume":"72","author":"Rantala","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.63.6.2206-2212.1997","article-title":"Variation of microcystins, cyanobacterial hepatotoxins, in Anabaena spp. as a function of growth stimuli","volume":"63","author":"Rapala","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2008.12.004","article-title":"Lake Erie Microcystis: relationship between microcystin production, dynamics of genotypes and environmental parameters in a large lake","volume":"8","author":"Rinta-Kanto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5083","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00312-06","article-title":"Diversity of microcystin-producing cyanobacteria in spatially isolated regions of Lake Erie","volume":"72","author":"Rinta-Kanto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.2.686-692.2004","article-title":"Genes coding for hepatotoxic heptapeptides (microcystins) in the cyanobacterium Anabaena strain 90","volume":"70","author":"Rouhiainen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.58.8.2495-2500.1992","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a variety of microcystins from seven strains of the cyanobacterial genus Anabaena","volume":"58","author":"Sivonen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6407109","article-title":"Atypical pulmonary thrombosis caused by a toxic cyanobacterial peptide","volume":"220","author":"Slatkin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1998.tb10233.x","article-title":"Cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii as a probable cause of death in cattle in northern Queensland","volume":"76","author":"Thomas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7289","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.12.7289-7297.2003","article-title":"Quantitative real-time PCR for determination of microcystin synthetase e copy numbers for microcystis and anabaena in lakes","volume":"69","author":"Vaitomaa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-13-613","article-title":"Genome-derived insights into the biology of the hepatotoxic bloom-forming cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain 90","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib47","series-title":"Freshwater Algae of North America: Ecology and Classification","author":"Wehr","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003_bib48","series-title":"Cyanobacterial Toxins: Microcystin-LR in Drinking-water. Background Document for Development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality","author":"WHO","year":"2003"}],"container-title":["Toxicon: X"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2590171018300031?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2590171018300031?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T03:07:53Z","timestamp":1762916873000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2590171018300031"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S2590171018300031"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003","relation":{},"ISSN":["2590-1710"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2590-1710","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Anabaena\/Dolichospermum as the source of lethal microcystin levels responsible for a large cattle toxicosis event","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Toxicon: X","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxcx.2018.100003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100003"}}