{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T23:16:17Z","timestamp":1784589377520,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,16]],"date-time":"2023-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005298","name":"Universidad de Costa Rica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["741-C0-523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["741-C0-523"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005298","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005298","name":"Universidad de Costa Rica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["741-A0-804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["741-A0-804"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005298","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["220517\/Z\/20\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220517\/Z\/20\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicon: X"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T21:07:47Z","timestamp":1681765667000},"page":"100158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Clinical effects of immunization, bleeding, and albumin-based fluid therapy in horses used as immunoglobulin source to produce a polyspecific antivenom (Echitab-plus-ICP) towards venoms of African snakes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Rose Mary","family":"Huertas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Arguedas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Manuel","family":"Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin","family":"Moscoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deibid","family":"Uma\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Solano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari\u00e1ngela","family":"Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Segura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauren","family":"Villalta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Arroyo-Portilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(96)00077-3","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory alterations in horses during immunization with snake venoms for the production of polyvalent (Crotalinae) antivenom","volume":"35","author":"Angulo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib2","first-page":"1215","article-title":"Effects of bleeding in horses immunized with snake venoms for antivenom production","volume":"45","author":"Angulo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rev. Biol. Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvacx.2022.100233","article-title":"Comparison of adjuvant emulsions for their safety and ability to enhance the antibody response in horses immunized with African snake venoms","volume":"12","author":"Arguedas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine X"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(01)00108-8","article-title":"Production of potent polyvalent antivenom against three elapid venoms using a low dose, low volume, multi-site immunization protocol","volume":"39","author":"Chotwiwatthanakun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib5","article-title":"The international guiding Principles for biomedical research involving animals","volume":"12","year":"1985","journal-title":"Altern. Lab. Anim."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.2174\/187152811797200623","article-title":"The humoral immune response induced by snake venom toxins","volume":"10","author":"da Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inflamm. Allergy - Drug Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib7","first-page":"95","article-title":"Hematologic values and serum enzymes in horses inoculated with snake venoms for the production of antivenins in Costa Rica","volume":"40","author":"Estrada","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rev. Biol. Trop."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2004.01.007","article-title":"The effects of automated plasmapheresis on clinical, haematological, biochemical and coagulation variables in horses","volume":"169","author":"Feige","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.1984.tb03880.x","article-title":"How much plasma, relative to body weight, can a donor give over certain period without a continuous deviation of his plasma protein metabolism in the direction of plasma protein deficiency?","volume":"47","author":"Fleck","year":"1984","journal-title":"Vox Sang."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450120078707","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of water-in-oil-in-water emulsion vaccines containing Newcastle disease virus haemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein","volume":"30","author":"Fukanoki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010643","article-title":"Intrageneric cross-reactivity of monospecific rabbit antisera against venoms of the medically most important Bitis spp. and Echis spp. African snakes","volume":"16","author":"G\u00f3mez","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)57021-6","article-title":"Determination of serum proteins by means of the biuret reaction","volume":"177","author":"Gornall","year":"1949","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.09.014","article-title":"Pan-African polyspecific antivenom produced by caprylic acid purification of horse IgG: an alternative to the antivenom crisis in Africa","volume":"99","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450701567395","article-title":"Dose and timing requirements for immunogenicity of viral poultry vaccine antigen: investigations of emulsion-based depot function","volume":"36","author":"Jansen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(97)00114-1","article-title":"Inhibition by CaNa2EDTA of local tissue damage induced by Bothrops asper (terciopelo) venom: application in horse immunization for antivenom production","volume":"36","author":"Le\u00f3n","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.2174\/187152811797200605","article-title":"Immune response towards snake venoms","volume":"10","author":"Le\u00f3n","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inflamm. Allergy - Drug Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.06.084","article-title":"Current technology for the industrial manufacture of snake antivenoms","volume":"151","author":"Le\u00f3n","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1992.53.7.1149","article-title":"Temporal effects of plasmapheresis on serum proteins in horses","volume":"53","author":"Magdesian","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1053\/tvjl.2001.0583","article-title":"Cardiovascular, haematological and biochemical responses after large volume blood collection in horses","volume":"162","author":"Malikides","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13435","article-title":"Investigating the pathogenesis of high-serum gamma-glutamyl transferase activity in Thoroughbred racehorses: a series of case-control studies","volume":"54","author":"Mann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib21","first-page":"53","article-title":"Reference range and method comparison studies for enzymatic and Jaff\u00e9 creatinine assays in plasma and serum and early morning urine","volume":"46","author":"Mazzachi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Lab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00299","article-title":"Unraveling the mysteries of serum albumin-more than just a serum protein","volume":"5","author":"Merlot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/11.4.478","article-title":"Direct spectrophotometric determination of albumin in human serum","volume":"11","author":"Rodkey","year":"1965","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib24","first-page":"89","article-title":"Time saving techniques for the collection, storage, and administration of equine blood and plasma","volume":"80","author":"Schmotzer","year":"1985","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.08.010","article-title":"Preclinical assessment of the efficacy of a new antivenom (EchiTAb-Plus-ICP) for the treatment of viper envenoming in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"55","author":"Segura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30307-3","article-title":"Interpretation of equine serum biochemical profile results","volume":"11","author":"Stockham","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/15.2.124","article-title":"A kinetic photometric method for serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase","volume":"15","author":"Szasz","year":"1969","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01484513","article-title":"Enzymatic urea determination in the blood and serum in the Warburg optical test","volume":"43","author":"Talke","year":"1965","journal-title":"Klin. Wochenschr."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(02)00393-8","article-title":"Report of a WHO workshop on the standardization and control of antivenoms","volume":"41","author":"Theakston","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s10914-016-9342-0","article-title":"Storage of blood in the mammalian spleen: an evolutionary perspective","volume":"24","author":"Udroiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mamm. Evol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2014.10.003","article-title":"Purification of equine whole IgG snake antivenom by using an aqueous two phase system as a primary purification step","volume":"43","author":"Vargas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib32","first-page":"275","article-title":"Da sangria de animais de imuniza\u00e7\u00e3o","volume":"21","author":"Vaz","year":"1949","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Butantan (Sao Paulo)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2014.02.012","article-title":"Evaluation of health status of horses immunized with snake venom and montanide adjuvants, IMS 3012 (nanoparticle), ISA 206 and ISA 35 (emulsion based) during polyvalent snake antivenom production: hematological and biochemical assessment","volume":"82","author":"Waghmare","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105759","article-title":"Comparison between smartphone electrocardiography and standard three-lead base apex electrocardiography in healthy horses","volume":"187","author":"Welch-Huston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158_bib35","series-title":"Guidelines for the Production, Control and Regulation of Snake Antivenom Immunoglobulins","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["Toxicon: X"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2590171023000103?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2590171023000103?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T06:13:59Z","timestamp":1778912039000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2590171023000103"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["S2590171023000103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158","relation":{},"ISSN":["2590-1710"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2590-1710","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Clinical effects of immunization, bleeding, and albumin-based fluid therapy in horses used as immunoglobulin source to produce a polyspecific antivenom (Echitab-plus-ICP) towards venoms of African snakes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Toxicon: X","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxcx.2023.100158","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100158"}}