{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:25:26Z","timestamp":1792189526526,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,1]],"date-time":"2004-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1086048000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxicon"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,9]],"date-time":"2004-06-09T16:23:03Z","timestamp":1086798183000},"page":"901-908","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Comparison of sea anemone and scorpion toxins binding to Kv1 channels: an example of convergent evolution"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Sylvaine","family":"Gasparini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Gilquin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"M\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31013","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.49.31013","article-title":"The signature sequence of voltage-gated potassium channels projects into the external vestibule","volume":"271","author":"Aiyar","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35653","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.50.35653","article-title":"Mapping the functional anatomy of BgK on Kv1.1, Kv1.2, and Kv1.3. Clues to design analogs with enhanced selectivity","volume":"274","author":"Alessandri-Haber","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1994.1090","article-title":"Chemical synthesis and structure\u2013function studies of margatoxin, a potent inhibitor of voltage-dependent potassium channel in human T lymphocytes","volume":"198","author":"Bednarek","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2900","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(00)76831-7","article-title":"Molecular dynamics of the KcsA K(+) channel in a bilayer membrane","volume":"78","author":"Berneche","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/35102067","article-title":"Energetics of ion conduction through the K+ channel","volume":"414","author":"Berneche","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1720574","article-title":"Refined structure of charybdotoxin: common motifs in scorpion toxins and insect defensins","volume":"254","author":"Bontems","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(95)00013-C","article-title":"Characterization of a potassium channel toxin from the Caribbean sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus","volume":"33","author":"Castaneda","year":"1995","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(02)03652-9","article-title":"A large number of novel ergtoxin-like genes and ERG K+-channels blocking peptides from scorpions of the genus Centruroides","volume":"532","author":"Corona","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1997.00192.x","article-title":"A potassium-channel toxin from the sea anemone Bunodosoma granulifera, an inhibitor for Kv1 channels. Revision of the amino acid sequence, disulfide-bridge assignment, chemical synthesis, and biological activity","volume":"244","author":"Cotton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.118.2.207","article-title":"Extracellular blockade of K(+) channels by TEA: results from molecular dynamics simulations of the KcsA channel","volume":"118","author":"Crouzy","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4302","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.7.4302","article-title":"On the convergent evolution of animal toxins. Conservation of a diad of functional residues in potassium channel-blocking toxins with unrelated structures","volume":"272","author":"Dauplais","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5456.1279","article-title":"Convergent solutions to binding at a protein\u2013protein interface","volume":"287","author":"DeLano","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.64.1.59","article-title":"APETx1, a new toxin from the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima, blocks voltage-gated human ether-a-go-go-related gene potassium channels","volume":"64","author":"Diochot","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(94)90167-8","article-title":"Convergent evolution: the need to be explicit","volume":"19","author":"Doolittle","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5360.69","article-title":"The structure of the potassium channel: molecular basis of K+ conduction and selectivity","volume":"280","author":"Doyle","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(02)75270-3","article-title":"Modeling the structure of agitoxin in complex with the Shaker K+ channel: a computational approach based on experimental distance restraints extracted from thermodynamic mutant cycles","volume":"83","author":"Eriksson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14256","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00251a038","article-title":"Kaliotoxin (1\u201337) shows structural differences with related potassium channel blockers","volume":"33","author":"Fernandez","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.10341","article-title":"Interaction of agitoxin2, charybdotoxin, and iberiotoxin with potassium channels: selectivity between voltage-gated and maxi-K channels","volume":"52","author":"Gao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proteins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(00)00214-2","article-title":"Potassium channels: from scorpion venoms to high-resolution structure","volume":"39","author":"Garcia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11461","DOI":"10.1021\/bi970253d","article-title":"A new potassium channel toxin from the sea anemone Heteractis magnifica: isolation, cDNA cloning, and functional expression","volume":"36","author":"Gendeh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37406","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M206205200","article-title":"Structure of the BgK-Kv1.1 complex based on distance restraints identified by double mutant cycles. Molecular basis for convergent evolution of Kv1 channel blockers","volume":"277","author":"Gilquin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(93)81200-1","article-title":"Mechanism of charybdotoxin block of a voltage-gated K+ channel","volume":"65","author":"Goldstein","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(94)90452-9","article-title":"The charybdotoxin receptor of a Shaker K+ channel: peptide and channel residues mediating molecular recognition","volume":"12","author":"Goldstein","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80057-4","article-title":"Agitoxin footprinting the shaker potassium channel pore","volume":"16","author":"Gross","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(94)90261-5","article-title":"Transfer of the scorpion toxin receptor to an insensitive potassium channel","volume":"13","author":"Gross","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.114.4.551","article-title":"Single streptomyces lividans K(+) channels: functional asymmetries and sidedness of proton activation","volume":"114","author":"Heginbotham","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7716527","article-title":"Revealing the architecture of a K+ channel pore through mutant cycles with a peptide inhibitor","volume":"268","author":"Hidalgo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01580","article-title":"X-ray structure of a voltage-dependent K+ channel","volume":"423","author":"Jiang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/S1367-5931(99)80066-0","article-title":"Pharmacology of voltage-gated and calcium-activated potassium channels","volume":"3","author":"Kaczorowski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32697","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.49.32697","article-title":"ShK\u2013Dap22, a potent Kv1.3-specific immunosuppressive polypeptide","volume":"273","author":"Kalman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(00)01778-6","article-title":"Convergent evolution with combinatorial peptides","volume":"480","author":"Kay","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43104","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M204083200","article-title":"New binding site on common molecular scaffold provides HERG channel specificity of scorpion toxin BeKm-1","volume":"277","author":"Korolkova","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.5560040805","article-title":"Solution structure of the potassium channel inhibitor agitoxin 2: caliper for probing channel geometry","volume":"4","author":"Krezel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11963","DOI":"10.1021\/bi026400b","article-title":"Mutating a critical lysine in ShK toxin alters its binding configuration in the pore-vestibule region of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3","volume":"41","author":"Lanigan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5360.106","article-title":"Structural conservation in prokaryotic and eukaryotic potassium channels","volume":"280","author":"MacKinnon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(90)90335-D","article-title":"Mapping the receptor site for charybdotoxin, a pore-blocking potassium channel inhibitor","volume":"5","author":"MacKinnon","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(98)00403-7","article-title":"Primary structure of a potassium channel toxin from the sea anemone Actinia equina","volume":"427","author":"Minagawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6181","DOI":"10.1021\/bi960067s","article-title":"A symmetry-driven search for electrostatic interaction partners in charybdotoxin and a voltage-gated K+ channel","volume":"35","author":"Naini","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80029-X","article-title":"A strongly interacting pair of residues on the contact surface of charybdotoxin and a Shaker K+ channel","volume":"16","author":"Naranjo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16403","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M200460200","article-title":"Mapping the binding site of a human ether-a-go-go-related gene-specific peptide toxin (ErgTx) to the channel's outer vestibule","volume":"277","author":"Pardo-Lopez","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(92)90169-E","article-title":"Interaction of charybdotoxin with permeant ions inside the pore of a K+ channel","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16407","DOI":"10.1021\/bi962463g","article-title":"An essential binding surface for ShK toxin interaction with rat brain potassium channels","volume":"35","author":"Pennington","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(99)00535-9","article-title":"Voltage-gated potassium channels: from hyperexcitability to excitement","volume":"452","author":"Pongs","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3886","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109886200","article-title":"Characterization of a novel radiolabeled peptide selective for a subpopulation of voltage-gated potassium channels in mammalian brain","volume":"277","author":"Racape","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80030-6","article-title":"Spatial localization of the K+ channel selectivity filter by mutant cycle-based structure analysis","volume":"16","author":"Ranganathan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.2.1201","article-title":"Structure-guided transformation of charybdotoxin yields an analog that selectively targets Ca(2+)-activated over voltage-gated K(+) channels","volume":"275","author":"Rauer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21885","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.31.21885","article-title":"Structural conservation of the pores of calcium-activated and voltage-gated potassium channels determined by a sea anemone toxin","volume":"274","author":"Rauer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(03)00080-4","article-title":"Novel interactions between K+ channels and scorpion toxins","volume":"24","author":"Rodriguez de la Vega","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01473","article-title":"Functional analysis of an archaebacterial voltage-dependent K+ channel","volume":"422","author":"Ruta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00062a005","article-title":"P05, a new leiurotoxin I-like scorpion toxin: synthesis and structure\u2013activity relationships of the alpha-amidated analog, a ligand of Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels with increased affinity","volume":"32","author":"Sabatier","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25121","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.42.25121","article-title":"Kalicludines and kaliseptine. Two different classes of sea anemone toxins for voltage sensitive K+ channels","volume":"270","author":"Schweitz","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00168a008","article-title":"Intimations of K+ channel structure from a complete functional map of the molecular surface of charybdotoxin","volume":"33","author":"Stampe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/381148a0","article-title":"Strategy for rapid immobilization of prey by a fish-hunting marine snail","volume":"381","author":"Terlau","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/nsb0496-317","article-title":"Solution structure of ShK toxin, a novel potassium channel inhibitor from a sea anemone","volume":"3","author":"Tudor","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(99)01398-X","article-title":"A unified nomenclature for short-chain peptides isolated from scorpion venoms: alpha-KTx molecular subfamilies","volume":"20","author":"Tytgat","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39345","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M006827200","article-title":"Structural differences of bacterial and mammalian K+ channels","volume":"275","author":"Wrisch","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1159\/000063562","article-title":"Convergent evolution on the molecular level","volume":"59","author":"Zakon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029_BIB58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/35102009","article-title":"Chemistry of ion coordination and hydration revealed by a K+ channel\u2013Fab complex at 2.0 A resolution","volume":"414","author":"Zhou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Toxicon"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0041010104001357?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0041010104001357?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,7]],"date-time":"2019-02-07T03:59:11Z","timestamp":1549511951000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0041010104001357"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0041010104001357"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.029","relation":{},"ISSN":["0041-0101"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0041-0101","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]}}}