{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T07:06:45Z","timestamp":1777100805517,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]],"date-time":"2009-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1254355200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxicon"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]],"date-time":"2009-02-01T09:11:43Z","timestamp":1233479503000},"page":"634-638","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Botulinum toxin for the management of adult patients with upper motor neuron syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Alberto","family":"Esquenazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel H.","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio E.","family":"Elia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Albanese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.022_bib1","article-title":"Therapy-based rehabilitation services for stroke patients at home","author":"Anonymous","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.022_bib2","first-page":"540","article-title":"Preliminary trial of carisoprodol in multiple sclerosis","volume":"192","author":"Ashworth","year":"1964","journal-title":"Practitioner"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.022_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101928","article-title":"Spasticity-assessment: a review","volume":"44","author":"Biering-Sorensen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.022_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/67.2.206","article-title":"Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity","volume":"67","author":"Bohannon","year":"1987","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.022_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2003.08.077","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type B in upper-limb poststroke spasticity: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"85","author":"Brashear","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"issue":"Suppl. 6","key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.022_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S208","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(1997)6+<208::AID-MUS15>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Dosing, administration, and a treatment algorithm for use of botulinum toxin A for adult-onset spasticity. Spasticity Study Group","volume":"20","author":"Brin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.022_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2000.20620","article-title":"The tools of disability outcomes research functional status measures","volume":"81","author":"Cohen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.022_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.65.762.208","article-title":"Effect of treatment with botulinum toxin on spasticity","volume":"65","author":"Das","year":"1989","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.022_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280601056145","article-title":"The hemiplegic arm: interrater reliability and concurrent validity of passive range of motion measurements","volume":"29","author":"de Jong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.022_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00812153","article-title":"Local botulinum toxin in the treatment of spastic drop foot","volume":"239","author":"Dengler","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.022_bib11","unstructured":"Elia, A.E., Filippini, G., Calandrella, D., Albanese, A. Botulinum neurotoxins for post-stroke spasticity in adults: a systematic review. Mov. Disord., in press."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.022_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e318168d36c","article-title":"Influence of botulinum toxin type A treatment of elbow flexor spasticity on hemiparetic gait","volume":"87","author":"Esquenazi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.022_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-9651(18)30031-7","article-title":"Pathophysiology of impairment in patients with spasticity and use of stretch as a treatment of spastic hypertonia","volume":"12","author":"Gracies","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.022_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(96)90073-8","article-title":"Functional outcome measures to assess interventions for spasticity","volume":"77","author":"Hinderer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.022_bib15","series-title":"On the Anatomical and Physiological Localisation of Movements in the Brain","author":"Jackson","year":"1875"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.022_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.15.6.1039","article-title":"The profile of recovery from stroke and factors influencing outcome","volume":"15","author":"Kotila","year":"1984","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"Suppl. 6","key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.022_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(1997)6+<1::AID-MUS2>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Clinicophysiologic concepts of spasticity and motor dysfunction in adults with an upper motoneuron lesion","volume":"20","author":"Mayer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.022_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-9651(03)00093-7","article-title":"Muscle overactivity and movement dysfunction in the upper motoneuron syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Mayer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.022_bib19","first-page":"85","article-title":"Phenomenology of muscle overactivity in the upper motor neuron syndrome","volume":"40","author":"Mayer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eura Medicophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.022_bib20","series-title":"Brain Injury Medicine","first-page":"615","article-title":"Assessing and treating muscle overactivity in the upper motoneuron syndrome","author":"Mayer","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.022_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1185\/030079904125003962","article-title":"Safety of botulinum toxin type A: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Naumann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.022_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-199609050-00004","article-title":"Spasticity after stroke. Epidemiology and optimal treatment","volume":"9","author":"O'Brien","year":"1996","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.022_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198906083202303","article-title":"Intrathecal baclofen for severe spinal spasticity","volume":"320","author":"Penn","year":"1989","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.022_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280400014634","article-title":"Clinical scales for the assessment of spasticity, associated phenomena, and function: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"27","author":"Platz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.022_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-200112000-00015","article-title":"Botulinum treatment of spasticity: why is it so difficult to show a functional benefit?","volume":"14","author":"Sheean","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.022_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2002.0090s1003.x","article-title":"The pathophysiology of spasticity","volume":"9","author":"Sheean","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.022_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000311391.00944.c4","article-title":"Assessment: botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of spasticity (an evidence-based review): report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology","volume":"70","author":"Simpson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.022_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2006.02.015","article-title":"Pooled analysis of the safety of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of poststroke spasticity","volume":"87","author":"Turkel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.022_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2002.0090s1048.x","article-title":"A summary of spasticity management\u2014a treatment algorithm","volume":"9","author":"Ward","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.022_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215502cr512oa","article-title":"Prevalence of spasticity post stroke","volume":"16","author":"Watkins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."}],"container-title":["Toxicon"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0041010109000580?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0041010109000580?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T20:54:10Z","timestamp":1684875250000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0041010109000580"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0041010109000580"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.022","relation":{},"ISSN":["0041-0101"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0041-0101","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]}}}