{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:21:31Z","timestamp":1791354091901,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]],"date-time":"2009-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1259625600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxicon"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,9]],"date-time":"2009-07-09T05:14:47Z","timestamp":1247116487000},"page":"998-1011","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":164,"title":["Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of Bothrops asper bites"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Rafael","family":"Otero-Pati\u00f1o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3556","DOI":"10.1021\/pr800332p","article-title":"Snake venomics of the lancehead viper Bothrops asper: geographic, individual and ontogenetic variations","volume":"7","author":"Alape-Gir\u00f3n","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Proteom. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46651986000400003","article-title":"Insuficiencia renal aguda secundaria a acidentes of\u00eddicos bothr\u00f3pico e crot\u00e1lico. An\u00e1lise de 63 casos","volume":"28","author":"Amaral","year":"1986","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib3","author":"Amaral","year":"1991","journal-title":"Manual de diagn\u00f3stico e tratamento de acidentes of\u00eddicos. 1a Reimpress\u00e3o, Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional de Sa\u00fade, Bras\u00edlia. 53 p"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib4","series-title":"Middle cerebral occlusion following Russel's viper bite","author":"Ameratunga","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46651989000600001","article-title":"Estudo bacteriol\u00f3gico de abscesos causados por picada de serpentes do genero Bothrops","volume":"31","author":"Andrade","year":"1989","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib6","first-page":"280","article-title":"The bacterial flora of venoms and mouth cavities of Costa Rican snakes","volume":"14","author":"Arroyo","year":"1980","journal-title":"Bull. Pan. Am. Health Organ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib7","series-title":"Cuidado Intensivo y Trauma","first-page":"1143","article-title":"Ofidismo en Colombia. Enfoque, diagn\u00f3stico y tratamiento","author":"Ayerbe","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib8","first-page":"53","article-title":"Amostras de popula\u00e7\u00e3o de Bothrops atrox (Linneaus 1758) apreciadas nas quantidades de veneno obtidas e dados ecol\u00f3gicos (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae)","volume":"7","author":"Belluomini","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bol. Mus. Para. Emilio Goeldi, s\u00e9r. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib9","first-page":"874","article-title":"Antibiotic use and infection in snakebite victims","volume":"89","author":"Blaylock","year":"1999","journal-title":"S. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib10","author":"Bola\u00f1os","year":"1984","journal-title":"Serpientes, Venenos y Ofidismo en Centroam\u00e9rica. Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jos\u00e9. 136p"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(96)83647-6","article-title":"The serum-therapie was discovered 100 years ago","volume":"34","author":"Bon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2003.09.004","article-title":"Low risk of infection in selected human bites treated without antibiotics","volume":"22","author":"Broder","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1580\/1080-6032(2000)011[0180:EOANPV]2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Effects of a negative pressure venom extraction device (Extractor) on local tissue injury after artificial rattlesnake envenomation in a porcine model","volume":"11","author":"Busch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Wilderness Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib14","series-title":"The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere","author":"Campbell","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib15","first-page":"315","article-title":"Randomized comparative trial of three antivenoms in the treatment of envenoming by lance-headed vipers (Bothrops jararaca) in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"86","author":"Cardoso","year":"1993","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib16","series-title":"Snake Venoms and Envenomations","author":"Chippaux","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2006.11.002","article-title":"Study of the efficacy of the black stone on envenomation by snakebite in the murine model","volume":"49","author":"Chippaux","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-4679(93)90313-V","article-title":"The incidence of wound infection following crotalid envenomation","volume":"11","author":"Clark","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib19","first-page":"280","article-title":"Es necesaria la profilaxis antibi\u00f3tica en la ofidiotoxicosis?","volume":"12","author":"Cuesta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infectio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46651991000200005","article-title":"Rea\u00e7oes de hipersensibilidade imediatas apos uso intravenoso de soros antivenenos: valor prognostico dos testes de sensibilidade intradermicos","volume":"33","author":"Cupo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib21","first-page":"383","article-title":"Emponzo\u00f1amiento of\u00eddico en el estado Lara","volume":"79","author":"Dao","year":"1971","journal-title":"Gac. Med. Caracas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2004.03.013","article-title":"Can steel heal a compartment syndrome caused by rattlesnake venom?","volume":"44","author":"Dart","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib23","series-title":"Plantas Venenosas e Animais Pe\u00e7onhentos","first-page":"176","article-title":"Soroterapia","author":"Fan","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib24","series-title":"Handbook of Clinical Toxicology of Animal, Venoms and Poisons","first-page":"667","article-title":"Clinical toxicology of snake bites in South America","author":"Fan","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib25","unstructured":"Fan, H.W., Santalucia, M., Oliveira, R.C., 2004. Epidemiology of snakebites in Brazil 18 years after the implementation of the national program for snakebites control. In: VIII Symposium of the Pan American Section of the International Society on Toxinology. Angra dos Reis, RJ-Brazil, p. 171."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2008.06.018","article-title":"Mortality due to snakebite envenomation in Costa Rica","volume":"52","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib27","series-title":"Animais Pe\u00e7onhentos no Brasil. Biolog\u00eda, Cl\u00ednica e Terap\u00e9utica dos Acidentes","first-page":"72","article-title":"Acidente botr\u00f3pico","author":"Fran\u00e7a","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)90158-1","article-title":"Envenoming by Bothrops jararaca in Brazil: association between venom antigenaemia and severity at admission to hospital","volume":"97","author":"Fran\u00e7a","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2006.06.005","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in venom of Bothrops jararaca (Serpentes: Viperidae)","volume":"48","author":"Furtado","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1006\/biol.2002.0329","article-title":"Effect of preservatives on IgG aggregation, complement-activating effect and hypotensive activity of horse polyvalent antivenom used in snakebite envenomation","volume":"30","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib31","first-page":"50","article-title":"Rattlesnake bites. Current concepts","volume":"140","author":"Garfin","year":"1979","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/14.3.633","article-title":"Bite wounds and infection","volume":"14","author":"Goldstein","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib33","series-title":"Handbook of Clinical Toxicology of Animal,Venoms and Poisons","first-page":"619","article-title":"Clinical toxicology of snakebite in North America","author":"G\u00f3mez","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib34","series-title":"Handbook of Clinical Toxicology of Animal, Venoms and Poisons","first-page":"645","article-title":"Clinical toxicology of snakebite in Central America","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib35","series-title":"Animais Pe\u00e7onhentos no Brasil. Biolog\u00eda, Cl\u00ednica e Terap\u00e9utica dos Acidentes","first-page":"310","article-title":"Efectos locales en el envenenamiento of\u00eddico en Am\u00e9rica Latina","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib36","first-page":"341","article-title":"Estudio comparativo de venenos de ejemplares reci\u00e9n nacidos y adultos de Bothrops asper","volume":"28","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"1980","journal-title":"Rev. Biol. Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e150","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030150","article-title":"Confronting the neglected problem of snake bite envenoming: The need for a global partnership","volume":"3","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib38","series-title":"El envenenamiento por mordedura de serpiente en Centroam\u00e9rica","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib39","series-title":"Goodman & Gilman's. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics","author":"Hardman","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.2307\/2388809","article-title":"Bothrops asper (Viperidae) snakebite and field researchers in Middle America","volume":"26","author":"Hardy","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biotropica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib41","series-title":"Alternatives in the field management of venomous snakebite","first-page":"402","article-title":"Alternatives in the field management of venomous snakebite","author":"Hardy","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.1983.11697913","article-title":"Compartment syndromes. Early recognition and treatment","volume":"74","author":"Hayden","year":"1983","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46651990000100002","article-title":"Flora bacteriana da cavidade oral, presas e veneno de Bothrops jararaca: poss\u00edvel fonte de infec\u00e7\u00e3o no local da picada","volume":"32","author":"Jorge","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(94)90343-3","article-title":"Bacteriology of abscesses complicating Bothrops snake bites in humans: a prospective study","volume":"32","author":"Jorge","year":"1994","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-79301997000200002","article-title":"Infections in the bite site after envenoming by snakes of the Bothrops genus","volume":"3","author":"Jorge","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Venom. Anim. Toxins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/00034989860067","article-title":"Aeromonas hydrophila soft-tissue infection as a complication of snake bite: report of three cases","volume":"92","author":"Jorge","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2003.12.009","article-title":"Failure of chloramphenicol prophylaxis to reduce the frequency of abscess formation as a complication of envenoming by Bothrops snakes in Brazil: a double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"98","author":"Jorge","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(89)90146-3","article-title":"Haemostatic changes caused by venoms of South American snakes","volume":"27","author":"Kamiguti","year":"1989","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(96)00017-7","article-title":"Insights into the mechanism of haemorrhage caused by snake venom metalloproteinases","volume":"34","author":"Kamiguti","year":"1996","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e218","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050218","article-title":"The global burden of snakebite: a literature analysis and modelling based on regional estimates of envenoming and deaths","volume":"5","author":"Kasturiratne","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1991.44.93","article-title":"Venomous snake bite in Eastern Ecuador","volume":"44","author":"Kerrigan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00012255","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis for pit viper envenomation: prospective, controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Kerrigan","year":"1997","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(90)90163-2","article-title":"Non-specific therapy of a hemorrhagic diathesis after a bite by a young Bothrops asper (barba amarilla): a case report","volume":"28","author":"Kornalik","year":"1990","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(91)90257-Y","article-title":"Fatal extradural haematoma after snake bite (Bothrops moojeni)","volume":"85","author":"Kouyoumdjian","year":"1991","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-120021113","article-title":"Snake antivenoms","volume":"41","author":"Lalloo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-191304000-00004","article-title":"A clinical study of the coagulation time of blood","volume":"145","author":"Lee","year":"1913","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-4679(02)00563-2","article-title":"Antibiotics after rattlesnake envenomation","volume":"23","author":"LoVecchio","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1580\/1080-6032(2003)14[220:SSFAOA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Serum sickness following administration of Antivenin (Crotalidae) Polyvalent in 181 cases of presumed rattlesnake envenomation","volume":"14","author":"LoVecchio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Wild. Env. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.292.6512.17","article-title":"Prediction, prevention and mechanism of early (anaphylactic) antivenom reactions in victims of snake bites","volume":"292","author":"Malasit","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib60","series-title":"Handbook of Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons","author":"Meier","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib61","first-page":"111","article-title":"Las lesiones renales en el ofidismo","volume":"6","author":"Mekbel","year":"1963","journal-title":"Acta Med. Costarricense"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib62","series-title":"Smith's Blood Diseases of Infancy and Childhood","author":"Miller","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib63","series-title":"Pharmacology","author":"Mycek","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2006.11.006","article-title":"Role of cyclooxygenases in oedema-forming activity of bothropic venoms","volume":"49","author":"Olivo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib65","author":"Otero","year":"1994","journal-title":"Manual de Diagn\u00f3stico y Tratamiento del Accidente Of\u00eddico, Editorial Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib66","series-title":"Fundamentos de Pediatr\u00eda","first-page":"2412","article-title":"Accidente Of\u00eddico","author":"Otero","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib67","series-title":"Memorias del I Simposio Colombiano de Toxinolog\u00eda","first-page":"157","article-title":"Seroterapia y tratamiento del accidente of\u00eddico en Antioquia y Choc\u00f3","author":"Otero","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib68","first-page":"8","article-title":"Seroterapia antivenenosa. Ventajas del uso de antivenenos del tipo IgG, F(ab')2 o Fab en picaduras de escorpiones y mordeduras de serpientes","volume":"37","author":"Otero","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr\u00eda"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib69","first-page":"26","article-title":"Adivina adivinador por qui\u00e9n doblan las campanas?","volume":"524","author":"Otero","year":"2004","journal-title":"Alma Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib70","series-title":"Fundamentos de Pediatr\u00eda (Tomo V)","article-title":"Envenenamiento of\u00eddico","author":"Otero","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib71","series-title":"El ni\u00f1o en Estado Cr\u00edtico","first-page":"571","article-title":"Mordeduras graves por serpientes","author":"Otero","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib72","series-title":"Manual de Urgencias en Pediatr\u00eda","article-title":"Accidentes por animales venenosos","author":"Otero","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib73","first-page":"229","article-title":"Accidente of\u00eddico en Antioquia y Choc\u00f3. Aspectos cl\u00ednicos y epidemiol\u00f3gicos (marzo de 1989- febrero de 1990)","volume":"17","author":"Otero","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Med. Colomb."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(92)90855-Y","article-title":"Efectos farmacol\u00f3gicos y enzim\u00e1ticos de los venenos de serpientes de Antioquia y Choc\u00f3 (Colombia)","volume":"30","author":"Otero","year":"1992","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib75","first-page":"96","article-title":"Programa de atencion primaria del accidente ofidico. Una propuesta para Colombia","volume":"5","author":"Otero","year":"1992","journal-title":"Iatreia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(95)00009-B","article-title":"Ability of six Latin American antivenoms to neutralize the venom of mapan\u00e1 equis (Bothrops atrox) from Antioquia and Choc\u00f3 (Colombia)","volume":"33","author":"Otero","year":"1995","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(96)90442-3","article-title":"A randomized double-blind clinical trial of two antivenoms in patients bitten by Bothrops atrox in Colombia","volume":"90","author":"Otero","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X1997000300011","article-title":"Neutralizing capacity of a new monovalent anti- Bothrops atrox antivenom: comparison with two comercial antivenoms","volume":"30","author":"Otero","year":"1997","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(98)00220-7","article-title":"A randomized blind clinical trial of two antivenoms prepared by caprylic acid or ammonium sulphate fractionation of IgG, in Bothrops and Porthidium snake bites in Colombia. Correlation between safety and biochemical characteristics of antivenoms","volume":"37","author":"Otero","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib80","series-title":"Plantas Utilizadas Contra Mordeduras de Serpientes en Antioquia y Choc\u00f3, Colombia","author":"Otero","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(00)00243-9","article-title":"Snakebites and ethnobotany in the northwest region of Colombia. Part I: traditional use of plants","volume":"71","author":"Otero","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib82","first-page":"43","article-title":"Aspectos actuales de las mordeduras de serpientes en Colombia. Propuesta de intervenci\u00f3n para un problema grave de salud en Antioquia y Choc\u00f3","volume":"26","author":"Otero","year":"2001","journal-title":"Revista Epidemiol\u00f3gica de Antioquia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib83","first-page":"49","article-title":"Necesidades reales de antivenenos en Colombia. Caracter\u00edsticas de los productos y del mercado","volume":"26","author":"Otero","year":"2001","journal-title":"Revista Epidemiol\u00f3gica de Antioquia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(02)00104-6","article-title":"Complications of Bothrops, Porthidium and Bothriechis snakebites in Colombia. A clinical and epidemiological study of 39 cases attended in a university hospital","volume":"40","author":"Otero","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib85","first-page":"5","article-title":"Caracter\u00edsticas bioqu\u00edmicas y capacidad neutralizante de cuatro antivenenos polivalentes frente a los efectos farmacol\u00f3gicos y enzim\u00e1ticos del veneno de Bothrops asper y Porthidium nasutum de Antioquia y Choc\u00f3","volume":"15","author":"Otero","year":"2002","journal-title":"Iatreia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.01.006","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of two whole IgG polyvalent antivenoms, refined by caprylic acid fractionation with or without \u03b2-propiolactone, in the treatment of Bothrops asper bites in Colombia","volume":"100","author":"Otero","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.58.183","article-title":"A randomized, blinded, comparative trial of one pepsin-digested and two whole IgG antivenoms for Bothrops snake bites in Urab\u00e1, Colombia","volume":"58","author":"Otero-Pati\u00f1o","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.17533\/udea.iatreia.4405","article-title":"Accidente bothr\u00f3pico en Colombia: estudio multic\u00e9ntrico de la eficacia y seguridad de Antivipmyn-Tri\u00ae, un antiveneno polivalente producido en M\u00e9xico","volume":"20","author":"Otero-Pati\u00f1o","year":"2007","journal-title":"Iatreia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib89","unstructured":"Otero-Pati\u00f1o, R., 2008. El accidente of\u00eddico: realidades y perspectivas. In: Memorias VIII Congreso de APANAC, Panam\u00e1."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-199610000-00021","article-title":"Management of snake and spider bite in pregnancy","volume":"51","author":"Pantanowitz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.67122.x","article-title":"Acute renal failure after Crotalus durissus snakebite: A prospective survey on 100 patients","volume":"67","author":"Pinho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(63)91268-6","article-title":"Clinical effects of bites by Malayan viper (Ancistrodon rhodostoma)","volume":"ii","author":"Reid","year":"1963","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(63)91269-8","article-title":"Prolonged coagulation defect (Defibrination syndrome) in Malayan viper bite","volume":"ii","author":"Reid","year":"1963","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib94","first-page":"143","article-title":"Altera\u00e7\u00e3o do tempo de coagula\u00e7ao sangu\u00ednea em pacientes picados por serpente Bothrops jararaca adulta e filhote","volume":"44","author":"Ribeiro","year":"1989","journal-title":"Revista do Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas da Facultad de Medicina de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46651990000600008","article-title":"Epidemiologia e quadro clinico dos acidentes por serpentes Bothrops jararaca adultas e filhotes","volume":"32","author":"Ribeiro","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90101-4","article-title":"Prognostic factors for local necrosis in Bothrops jararaca (Brazilian pit viper) bites","volume":"95","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib97","series-title":"Immunology","author":"Roitt","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib98","series-title":"Venomous Animals and their Venoms","first-page":"345","article-title":"Symptomatology, pathology and treatment of snake bites in South America","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.233.4.341","article-title":"Snake venom poisoning in the United States. Experience with 550 cases","volume":"233","author":"Russell","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib100","unstructured":"Saldarriaga, M., Otero, R., 1995. Morbilidad y mortalidad por enfermedades infecciosas en serpientes venenosas mantenidas en cautiverio. Tesis de Grado, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn, 78p."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(03)00171-5","article-title":"Ontogenetic variability of Bothrops atrox and Bothrops asper snake venoms from Colombia","volume":"42","author":"Saldarriaga","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(94)90388-3","article-title":"Reliability of the simple 20 minute whole blood clotting test (WBCT20) as an indicator of low plasma fibrinogen concentration in patients envenomed by Bothrops snakes","volume":"32","author":"Sano-Martins","year":"1994","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1086\/520537","article-title":"Increased infectivity of Staphylococcus aureus in an experimental model of snake venom-induced tissue damage","volume":"196","author":"Saravia-Otten","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(02)00172-1","article-title":"Snakebite envenomation in Costa Rica: a revision of incidence in the decade 1990\u20132000","volume":"41","author":"Sasa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sasa, M., Wasko, D.K., Lamar, W.W., 2009. Natural history of the terciopelo Bothrops asper (Serpentes: Viperidae) in Costa Rica. Toxicon 54, 904\u2013922.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.06.024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib106","first-page":"148","article-title":"Las serpientes del g\u00e9nero Bothrops en la Amazonia Colombiana. Aspectos biom\u00e9dicos (epidemiolog\u00eda, cl\u00ednica y biolog\u00eda del ofidismo)","volume":"14","author":"Silva-Haad","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Med. Colomb."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.329.7475.1129","article-title":"Crotaline snake bite in the Ecuadorian Amazon: randomized double blind comparative trial of three South American polyspecific antivenoms","volume":"329","author":"Smalligan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. Med. J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(90)90290-N","article-title":"The nephrotoxic action of Russell's viper (Vipera russelli) venom","volume":"28","author":"Soe","year":"1990","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(89)90188-8","article-title":"Antivenin and fasciotomy\/debridement in the treatment of the severe rattlesnake bite","volume":"158","author":"Stewart","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1067\/mem.2003.80","article-title":"Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab antivenom limits the decrease in perfusion pressure of the anterior leg compartment in a porcine Crotaline envenomation model","volume":"41","author":"Tanen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2004.01.009","article-title":"Fasciotomy worsens the amount of myonecrosis in a porcine model of crotaline envenomation","volume":"44","author":"Tanen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, C., Cury, Y., Moreira, V., Picolo, G., Chaves, F., 2009. Inflammation induced by Bothrops asper. Toxicon 54, 67\u201376.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.03.019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(90)90112-R","article-title":"Bacteriological studies of the venom and mouth cavities of wild Malayan pit vipers (Calloselasma rhodostoma) in southern Thailand","volume":"84","author":"Theakston","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.47.593","article-title":"Use of enzyme immunoassays to compare the effect and assess the dosage regimens of three Brazilian Bothrops antivenoms","volume":"47","author":"Theakston","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(02)00393-8","article-title":"Report of a WHO workshop on the standardization and control of antivenoms","volume":"41","author":"Theakston","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.52.419","article-title":"Prevention of thromboses in human patients with Bothrops lanceolatus envenoming in Martinique: failure of anticoagulants and efficacy of a monospecific antivenom","volume":"52","author":"Thomas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib117","series-title":"Toxins: Animal, Plant and Microbial","first-page":"497","article-title":"Renal lesions in snake bite in Costa Rica","author":"Vargas-Baldares","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib118","series-title":"Handbook of Clinical Toxicology of Animal, Venoms and Poisons","first-page":"493","article-title":"Clinical toxicology of snakebite in Asia","author":"Warrell","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib119","series-title":"Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere","first-page":"709","article-title":"Epidemiology, clinical features and management of snake bites in Central and South America","author":"Warrell","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)80207-0","article-title":"Nonvenomous snakebite in Massachusetts: prophylactic antibiotics are unnecessary","volume":"22","author":"Weed","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-197508000-00019","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of envenomation by poisonous snakes","volume":"68","author":"Wingert","year":"1975","journal-title":"South. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib122","volume":"vol. 58","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(85)90512-5","article-title":"Abruptio placentae following snake bite","volume":"151","author":"Zugaib","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."}],"container-title":["Toxicon"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0041010109003468?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0041010109003468?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T19:01:10Z","timestamp":1685041270000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0041010109003468"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0041010109003468"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0041-0101"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0041-0101","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}}}