{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T18:30:49Z","timestamp":1794335449927,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]],"date-time":"2011-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1296518400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]],"date-time":"2011-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1296518400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013427","name":"Fairfield University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013427","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005595","name":"University of California","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80RGC2U"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80RGC2U"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicon"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,23]],"date-time":"2010-12-23T04:19:27Z","timestamp":1293077967000},"page":"323-331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Rock squirrel (Spermophilus variegatus) blood sera affects proteolytic and hemolytic activities of rattlesnake venoms"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"James E.","family":"Biardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard G.","family":"Coss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(52)90121-5","article-title":"The fibrin plate method for estimating fibrinolytic activity","volume":"40","author":"Astrup","year":"1952","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib2","first-page":"2443","article-title":"Coevolution of diet and prey-specific venom activity supports the role of selection in snake venom evolution","volume":"276","author":"Barlow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(99)00179-8","article-title":"California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi) blood sera inhibits crotalid venom proteolytic activity","volume":"38","author":"Biardi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-006-9357-8","article-title":"California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi) defenses against rattlesnake venom digestive and hemostatic toxins","volume":"32","author":"Biardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib5","first-page":"113","article-title":"A review of North American tertiary Sciuridae","volume":"130","author":"Black","year":"1963","journal-title":"Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.2307\/1439926","article-title":"Records of Pliestocene reptiles from California","volume":"1953","author":"Brattstrom","year":"1953","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2009.01.006","article-title":"Prey envenomation does not improve digestive performance in Taiwanese pit vipers (Trimeresurus gracilis and T. stejnegeri stejnegeri)","volume":"152","author":"Chu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1163\/156853993X00542","article-title":"Development of antisnake defenses in California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi): II. Microevolutionary effects of relaxed selection from rattlesnakes","volume":"124","author":"Coss","year":"1993","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-002-2403-4","article-title":"Genetic and ecological correlates of intraspecific variation in pitviper venom composition detected using matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and isoelectric focusing","volume":"56","author":"Creer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(95)00122-0","article-title":"Electrophoretic profiles and biological activities: intraspecific variation in the venom of the Malayan pit viper (Calloselasma rhodostoma)","volume":"34","author":"Daltry","year":"1996","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/379537a0","article-title":"Diet and snake venom evolution","volume":"379","author":"Daltry","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(91)90191-S","article-title":"Natural anti-snake venom proteins","volume":"29","author":"Domont","year":"1991","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(00)00302-6","article-title":"Effectiveness of batimastat, a synthetic inhibitor of matrix metalloproteases, in neutralizing local tissue damage induced by BaP1, a hemorrhagic metalloproteinase from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper","volume":"60","author":"Escalante","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.034","article-title":"Functional basis of a molecular adaptation: prey-specific toxic effects of venom from Sistrurus rattlesnakes","volume":"53","author":"Gibbs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-008-9067-7","article-title":"Rapid evolution by positive selection and gene gain and loss: PLA2 venom genes in closely related Sistrurus rattlesnakes with divergent diets","volume":"66","author":"Gibbs","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1086\/303382","article-title":"Hot spots, cold spots, and the geographic mosaic theory of coevolution","volume":"156","author":"Gomulkiewicz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9084(00)01163-9","article-title":"Snake venom metalloproteinases: their role in the pathogenesis of local tissue damage","volume":"82","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib17","series-title":"The Mammals of North America","author":"Hall","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib18","series-title":"Borderland Blacktails: Radiotelemetry, Natural History, and Living with Venomous Snakes","author":"Hardy","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.2307\/1446808","article-title":"Resistances of sympatric and allopatric eels to sea snake venoms","volume":"1995","author":"Heatwole","year":"1995","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(97)00081-0","article-title":"Resistance of eels (Gymnothorax) to the venom of sea kraits (Laticauda colubrina): a test of coevolution","volume":"36","author":"Heatwole","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2003.09.015","article-title":"Sciurid phylogeny and the paraphyly of Holarctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus)","volume":"31","author":"Herron","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1993.1168","article-title":"Tail flagging by adult California ground squirrels: a tonic signal that serves different functions for males and females","volume":"46","author":"Hersek","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00377a018","article-title":"Blood coagulation induced by the venom of Bothrops atrox I: identification, purification and properties of a prothrombin activator","volume":"26","author":"Hofmann","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib24","series-title":"A Review of North American Tertiary Snakes","author":"Holman","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib25","first-page":"425","article-title":"Prey specificity, comparative lethality and compositional differences of coral snake venoms","volume":"128C","author":"Jorge da Silva","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msn179","article-title":"Evolution of snake venom disintegrins by positive Darwinian selection","volume":"25","author":"Ju\u00e1rez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib27","series-title":"Rattlesnakes, Their Habits, Life Histories and Influence on Mankind","author":"Klauber","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4175","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00363a001","article-title":"Purification of a protein C activator from the venom of the southern copperhead snake (Agkistrodon contortrix)","volume":"25","author":"Klein","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(85)90008-7","article-title":"The influence of snake venom enzymes on blood coagulation","volume":"29","author":"Kornalik","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.2307\/1445927","article-title":"Venom ontogeny in the Pacific rattlesnakes Crotalus viridis helleri and C. v. oreganus","volume":"1988","author":"Mackessy","year":"1988","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib31","first-page":"181","article-title":"Fibrinogenolytic proteases from the venoms of juvenile and adult northern Pacific rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis oreganus)","volume":"106B","author":"Mackessy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1643\/HA03-037.1","article-title":"Characterization of the venom of the midget faded rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus concolor): a case of venom paedomorphosis?","author":"Mackessy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(98)00126-3","article-title":"Snake venoms and the hemostatic system","volume":"36","author":"Markland","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.411","article-title":"Prey envenomation does not improve digestive performance in western diamondback rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox)","volume":"307","author":"McCue","year":"2007","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Exp. Zool. A Ecol. Genet. Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib33","volume":"vol. 7","author":"Miller","year":"1912"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib34","series-title":"Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-66913-2_14","article-title":"Hemorrhagic, necrotizing, and edema-forming effects of\u00a0snake venoms","author":"Ohsaka","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1163\/156853977X00045","article-title":"Snake mobbing by California ground squirrels: adaptive variation and ontogeny","volume":"62","author":"Owings","year":"1977","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1163\/156853901316924485","article-title":"Snake-directed antipredator behavior of rock squirrels (Spermophilus variegatus): population differences and snake-species discrimination","volume":"138","author":"Owings","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(87)90287-X","article-title":"Pathogenesis of hemorrhage induced by hemorrhagic proteinase IV from timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus horridus) venom","volume":"25","author":"Ownby","year":"1987","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib38","first-page":"201","article-title":"Hemorrhagic toxins from rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) venom","volume":"93","author":"Ownby","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib39","series-title":"Rattlesnake Venoms, Their Actions and Treatment","first-page":"163","article-title":"Pathology of rattlesnake envenomation","author":"Ownby","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2005.02.028","article-title":"Natural inhibitors of snake venom hemorrhagic metalloproteases","volume":"45","author":"Perales","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(79)90234-4","article-title":"The resistance of three species of warm-blooded animals to western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) venom","volume":"17","author":"P\u00e9rez","year":"1979","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(98)00205-0","article-title":"Natural protease inhibitors to hemorrhagins in snake venoms and their potential use in medicine","volume":"37","author":"P\u00e9rez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(87)90127-9","article-title":"Resistance of California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) to the venom of the Northern Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis oreganus): a study of adaptive variation","volume":"25","author":"Poran","year":"1987","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib43","series-title":"Snake Venom Poisoning","author":"Russel","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1080\/08923970802279019","article-title":"Inhibitors of snake venoms and development of new therapeutics","volume":"30","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunopharm. Immunot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1021\/pr0602500","article-title":"Venom proteomes of\u00a0closely related Sistrurus rattlesnakes with divergent diets","volume":"5","author":"Sanz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Proteome. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib45","first-page":"249","article-title":"Diet and snake venom evolution: can local selection alone explain intraspecific venom variation?","volume":"34","author":"Sasa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib46","first-page":"259","article-title":"Reply","volume":"37","author":"Sasa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(88)90328-5","article-title":"Proteolytic, hemorrhagic and hemolytic activities of snake venoms","volume":"26","author":"Soto","year":"1988","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib48","volume":"vol. 10","author":"Stock","year":"1918"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(79)90211-3","article-title":"The effects of rattlesnake venom on the digestion of prey","volume":"17","author":"Thomas","year":"1979","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib50","series-title":"The Coevolutionary Process","author":"Thompson","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(98)00137-8","article-title":"Snake envenomation and protective natural endogenous proteins: a mini review of the recent developments (1991\u20131997)","volume":"36","author":"Thwin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3109\/15569548309012697","article-title":"Local tissue damaging (hemorrhage and myonecrosis) toxins from rattlesnake and pit viper venoms","volume":"2","author":"Tu","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Toxin Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib53","first-page":"297","article-title":"Tissue damaging effects by snake venoms: hemorrhage and myonecrosis","volume":"vol. 5","author":"Tu","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib54","first-page":"37","article-title":"Overview of snake venom chemistry","author":"Tu","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib55","series-title":"Collagen in Health and Disease","first-page":"1","article-title":"An introduction to collagen","author":"Weiss","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib56","series-title":"Snakes, Lizards, Tuttles, Frogs, Toads, and Salamanders of New Mexico: A Field Guide","author":"Williamson","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib57","first-page":"253","article-title":"Can diet explain intraspecific venom variation?","volume":"37","author":"W\u00fcster","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011_bib58","series-title":"Biostatistical Analysis","author":"Zar","year":"1998"}],"container-title":["Toxicon"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0041010110004423?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0041010110004423?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T21:07:45Z","timestamp":1758575265000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0041010110004423"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0041010110004423"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["0041-0101"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0041-0101","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Rock squirrel (Spermophilus variegatus) blood sera affects proteolytic and hemolytic activities of rattlesnake venoms","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Toxicon","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}