{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:46:31Z","timestamp":1790628391923,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]],"date-time":"2012-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1328054400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto Colombiano para el Desarrollo de la Ciencia y la Tecnolog\u00eda Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Caldas (Colciencias)"},{"name":"Universidad de Antioquia, CYTED"},{"name":"Vicerrector\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005298","name":"Universidad de Costa Rica","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005298","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxicon"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,6]],"date-time":"2011-12-06T19:11:44Z","timestamp":1323198704000},"page":"344-355","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Comparative study of the efficacy and safety of two polyvalent, caprylic acid fractionated [IgG and F(ab\u2032)2] antivenoms, in Bothrops asper bites in\u00a0Colombia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Rafael","family":"Otero-Pati\u00f1o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Segura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yamileth","family":"Angulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Barona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Perea\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Quintana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leidy J.","family":"Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Pablo","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abel","family":"D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Mar\u00eda","family":"Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Fabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Perea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yobana","family":"Arroyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalila","family":"Betancur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lady","family":"Pupo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elkin A.","family":"C\u00f3rdoba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Eugenio","family":"Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Berta","family":"Arrieta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alcides","family":"Rivero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana Carolina","family":"Mosquera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nectty Lorena","family":"Conrado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosina","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e767","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000767","article-title":"Randomised controlled double-blind non-Inferiority trial of two antivenoms for Saw. Scaled or Carpet viper (Echis ocellatus) envenoming in Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"Abubakar","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib2","series-title":"Manual de diagn\u00f3stico e tratamento de acidentes of\u00eddicos. 1a Reimpress\u00e3o","author":"Amaral","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(96)00077-3","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory alterations in horses during immunization with snake venoms for the production of polyvalent (Crotalinae) antivenom","volume":"35","author":"Angulo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib4","series-title":"Cuidado Intensivo y Trauma","first-page":"1143","article-title":"Ofidismo en Colombia. Enfoque, diagn\u00f3stico y tratamiento","author":"Ayerbe","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470110461.ch1","article-title":"The use of avidin-biotin complex as tool in molecular biology","volume":"26","author":"Bayer","year":"1980","journal-title":"Methods Biochem. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib6","series-title":"Serpientes, Venenos y Ofidismo en Centroam\u00e9rica","author":"Bola\u00f1os","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(96)83647-6","article-title":"The s\u00e9rum-th\u00e9rapie was discovered 100 years ago","volume":"34","author":"Bon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1067\/mem.2001.113134","article-title":"Recurrence phenomena after immunoglobulin therapy for snake envenomations: part 2. Guidelines for clinical management with crotaline Fab antivenom","volume":"37","author":"Boyer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.04.029","article-title":"Clinical features and severity grading of anaphylaxis","volume":"114","author":"Brown","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib10","series-title":"The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere","author":"Campbell","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib11","first-page":"383","article-title":"Emponzo\u00f1amiento of\u00eddico en el estado Lara","volume":"79","author":"Dao","year":"1971","journal-title":"Gac Med. Caracas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1067\/mem.2001.113372","article-title":"Efficacy, safety, and use of snake antivenoms in the United States","volume":"37","author":"Dart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(02)00331-8","article-title":"Relationship between plasmatic levels of various cytokines, tumour necrosis factor, enzymes, glucose and venom concentration following Tityus scorpion sting","volume":"41","author":"D\u2019Suze","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib14","series-title":"Plantas Venenosas e Anim\u00e3is Pe\u00e7onhentos","first-page":"176","article-title":"Soroterapia","author":"Fan","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib15","series-title":"Animais Pe\u00e7onhentos no Brasil. Biolog\u00eda, Cl\u00ednica e Terap\u00e9utica dos Acidentes","first-page":"72","article-title":"Acidente botr\u00f3pico","author":"Fran\u00e7a","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1006\/biol.2002.0329","article-title":"Effect of preservatives on IgG aggregation, complement-activating effect and hypotensive activity of horse polyvalent antivenom used in snakebite envenomation","volume":"30","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib17","first-page":"20","article-title":"Parallel infusion of hydrocortisone\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0chlorpheniramine bolus injection to prevent acute adverse reactions to antivenom for snakebites. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"180","author":"Gawarammana","year":"2004","journal-title":"MJA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib18","series-title":"Handbook of Clinical Toxicology of Animal, Venoms and Poisons","first-page":"645","article-title":"Clinical toxicology of snakebite in Central America","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib19","series-title":"Animal Toxins: State of the Art. Perspectives in Health and Biotechnology","first-page":"393","article-title":"Snake antivenoms: technological, clinical and public health issues","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib20","series-title":"Animais Pe\u00e7onhentos no Brasil. Biolog\u00eda, Cl\u00ednica e Terap\u00e9utica dos Acidentes","first-page":"310","article-title":"Efectos locales en el envenenamiento of\u00eddico en Am\u00e9rica Latina","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200342080-00002","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships of immunoglobulin therapy for envenomation","volume":"42","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e150","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030150","article-title":"Confronting the neglected problem of snake bite envenoming: the need for a global partnership","volume":"3","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib23","series-title":"El envenenamiento por mordedura de serpiente en Centroam\u00e9rica","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2006"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.038","article-title":"Experimental pathology of local tissue damage induced by Bothrops asper snake venom","volume":"54","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2009.02.020","article-title":"Development and validation of a reverse phase HPLC method for the determination of caprylic acid in formulations of therapeutic immunoglobulins and its application to antivenom production","volume":"37","author":"Herrera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1986.35.579","article-title":"Clinical significance of venom antigen levels in patients envenomed by the Malayan pit viper (Calloselasma rhodostoma)","volume":"35","author":"Ho","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1990.42.260","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of three commercial antivenoms in patients envenomed by the Malayan pit viper, Calloselasma rhodostoma, in Thailand","volume":"42","author":"Ho","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib28","series-title":"Protocolo de Vigilancia de Accidente Of\u00eddico","author":"Instituto Nacional de Salud","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib29","series-title":"Grupo Funcional Zoonosis-INS","article-title":"Accidente Of\u00eddico","author":"Instituto Nacional de Salud","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60151a007","article-title":"Modified 4-aminoantipyrine colorimetric method for phenols. Application to an acrylic monomer","volume":"31","author":"Lacoste","year":"1959","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/227680a0","article-title":"Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4","volume":"227","author":"Laemmli","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-120021113","article-title":"Snake antivenoms","volume":"41","author":"Lalloo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(00)00209-9","article-title":"Comparison between IgG and F(ab')2 polyvalent antivenoms: neutralization of systemic effects induced by Bothrops asper venom in mice, extravasation to muscle tissue, and potential for induction of adverse reactions","volume":"39","author":"Le\u00f3n","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.07.025","article-title":"Anticomplementary activity of equine whole IgG antivenoms: comparison of three fractionation protocols","volume":"45","author":"Le\u00f3n","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib35","series-title":"Inmunolog\u00eda General - Manual de Laboratorio","author":"Lomonte","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1580\/1080-6032(2003)14[220:SSFAOA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Serum sickness following administration of Antivenin (Crotalidae) Polyvalent in 181 cases of presumed rattlesnake envenomation","volume":"14","author":"LoVecchio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Wild. Env. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.292.6512.17","article-title":"Prediction, prevention and mechanism of early (anaphylactic) antivenom reactions in victims of snake bites","volume":"292","author":"Malasit","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib38","first-page":"111","article-title":"Las lesiones renales en el ofidismo","volume":"6","author":"Mekbel","year":"1963","journal-title":"Acta Med. Costarricense"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib39","series-title":"Manual de Diagn\u00f3stico y Tratamiento del Accidente Of\u00eddico","author":"Otero","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib40","first-page":"8","article-title":"Seroterapia antivenenosa. Ventajas del uso de antivenenos del tipo IgG, F(ab')2 o Fab en picaduras de escorpiones y mordeduras de serpientes","volume":"37","author":"Otero","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr\u00eda"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib41","series-title":"Fundamentos de Pediatr\u00eda (Tomo V)","first-page":"551","article-title":"Envenenamiento of\u00eddico","author":"Otero","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib42","series-title":"El ni\u00f1o en Estado Cr\u00edtico","first-page":"571","article-title":"Mordeduras graves por serpientes","author":"Otero","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib43","series-title":"Manual de Urgencias en Pediatr\u00eda","first-page":"725","article-title":"Accidentes por animales venenosos","author":"Otero","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib44","first-page":"229","article-title":"Accidente of\u00eddico en Antioquia y Choc\u00f3. Aspectos cl\u00ednicos y epidemiol\u00f3gicos (marzo de 1989-febrero de 1990)","volume":"17","author":"Otero","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Med. Colomb"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(92)90855-Y","article-title":"Efectos farmacol\u00f3gicos y enzim\u00e1ticos de los venenos de serpientes de Antioquia y Choc\u00f3 (Colombia)","volume":"30","author":"Otero","year":"1992","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib46","first-page":"96","article-title":"Programa de atencion primaria del accidente ofidico. Una propuesta para Colombia","volume":"5","author":"Otero","year":"1992","journal-title":"Iatreia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(96)90442-3","article-title":"A randomized double-blind clinical trial of two antivenoms in patients bitten by Bothrops atrox in Colombia","volume":"90","author":"Otero","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(98)00220-7","article-title":"A randomized blind clinical trial of two antivenoms prepared by caprylic acid or ammonium sulphate fractionation of IgG, in Bothrops and Porthidium snake bites in Colombia. Correlation between safety and biochemical characteristics of antivenoms","volume":"37","author":"Otero","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib49","series-title":"Plantas Utilizadas Contra Mordeduras de Serpientes en Antioquia y Choc\u00f3, Colombia","author":"Otero","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(00)00243-9","article-title":"Snakebites and ethnobotany in the northwest region of Colombia. Part I: traditional use of plants","volume":"71","author":"Otero","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib51","first-page":"43","article-title":"Aspectos actuales de las mordeduras de serpientes en Colombia. Propuesta de intervenci\u00f3n para un problema grave de salud en Antioquia y Choc\u00f3","volume":"26","author":"Otero","year":"2001","journal-title":"Revista Epidemiol\u00f3gica de Antioquia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib52","first-page":"49","article-title":"Necesidades reales de antivenenos en Colombia. Caracter\u00edsticas de los productos y del mercado","volume":"26","author":"Otero","year":"2001","journal-title":"Revista Epidemiol\u00f3gica de Antioquia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(02)00104-6","article-title":"Complications of Bothrops, Porthidium and Bothriechis snakebites in Colombia. A clinical and epidemiological study of 39 cases attended in a university hospital","volume":"40","author":"Otero","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib54","first-page":"5","article-title":"Caracter\u00edsticas bioqu\u00edmicas y capacidad neutralizante de cuatro antivenenos polivalentes frente a los efectos farmacol\u00f3gicos y enzim\u00e1ticos del veneno de Bothrops asper y Porthidium nasutum de Antioquia y Choc\u00f3","volume":"15","author":"Otero","year":"2002","journal-title":"Iatreia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.01.006","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of two whole IgG polyvalent antivenoms, refined by caprylic acid fractionation with or without b-propiolactone, in the treatment of Bothrops asper bites in Colombia","volume":"100","author":"Otero","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib56","series-title":"Hospital Universitario San Vicente de Pa\u00fal","first-page":"285","article-title":"Picaduras y mordeduras de animales ponzo\u00f1osos","author":"Otero-Pati\u00f1o","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib57","series-title":"Memorias VIII Congreso de APANAC","article-title":"El accidente of\u00eddico: realidades y perspectivas","author":"Otero-Pati\u00f1o","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001","article-title":"Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of Bothrops asper bites","volume":"54","author":"Otero-Pati\u00f1o","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.58.183","article-title":"A randomized, blinded, comparative trial of one pepsin-digested and two whole IgG antivenoms for Bothrops snake bites in Urab\u00e1, Colombia","volume":"58","author":"Otero-Patino","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.17533\/udea.iatreia.4405","article-title":"Accidente bothr\u00f3pico en Colombia: estudio multic\u00e9ntrico de la eficacia y seguridad de Antivipmyn-Tri, un antiveneno polivalente producido en M\u00e9xico","volume":"20","author":"Otero-Pati\u00f1o","year":"2007","journal-title":"Iatreia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib61","first-page":"132","article-title":"The action of proteolytic enzymes on the antitoxinsand proteins in immune sera. I. True digestion of the proteins","volume":"20","author":"Pope","year":"1939","journal-title":"Br. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib62","first-page":"316","article-title":"A new method for the determination of\u00a0fibrinogen in small samples of plasma","volume":"37","author":"Ratnoff","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(63)91268-6","article-title":"Clinical effects of bites by Malayan viper (Ancistrodon rhodostoma)","volume":"ii","author":"Reid","year":"1963","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(63)91269-8","article-title":"Prolonged coagulation defect (Defibrination syndrome) in Malayan viper bite","volume":"ii","author":"Reid","year":"1963","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib65","series-title":"Determinaci\u00f3n de la dosis letal 50% por el m\u00e9todo de Spearman-Karber. Toxicalc","author":"Robles","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib66","series-title":"Immunology","author":"Roitt","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(94)90087-6","article-title":"Caprylic acid fractionation of hyperimmune horse plasma: description of a simple procedure for antivenom production","volume":"32","author":"Rojas","year":"1994","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib68","series-title":"Venomous Animals and Their Venoms","first-page":"345","article-title":"Symptomatology, pathology and treatment of snakebites in South America","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.12.1303","article-title":"Second symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis: summary report - Second National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease\/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network symposium","volume":"117","author":"Sampson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(94)90388-3","article-title":"Reliability of the simple 20 minutes whole blood clotting test (WBCT20) as an indicator of low plasma fibrinogen concentration in patients envenomed by Bothrops snakes","volume":"32","author":"Sano-Martins","year":"1994","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(02)00172-1","article-title":"Snakebite envenomation in Costa Rica: a revision of incidence in the decade 1990\u20132000","volume":"41","author":"Sasa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib72","series-title":"Manual de T\u00e9cnicas de Laboratorio. Qu\u00edmica Cl\u00ednica","author":"Schosinsky","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.07.001","article-title":"Preclinical assessment of the neutralizing capacity of antivenoms produced in six Latin American countries against medically-relevant Bothrops snake venoms","volume":"56","author":"Segura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1067\/mem.2001.113135","article-title":"Recurrence phenomena after immunoglobulin therapy for snake envenomations: part 1. Pharmacokinectics and pharmacodynamics of immunoglobulin antivenoms and related antibodies","volume":"37","author":"Seifert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib75","first-page":"148","article-title":"Las serpientes del g\u00e9nero Bothrops en la Amazonia Colombiana. Aspectos biom\u00e9dicos (epidemiolog\u00eda, cl\u00ednica y biolog\u00eda del ofidismo)","volume":"14","author":"Silva-Haad","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Med. Colomb"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2010.05.006","article-title":"Study of the design and analytical properties of the lethality neutralization assay used to estimate antivenom potency against Bothrops asper snake venom","volume":"38","author":"Solano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)92502-8","article-title":"Micro-ELISA for detecting and assaying snake venom and venom-antibody","volume":"2","author":"Theakston","year":"1977","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.47.593","article-title":"Use of enzyme immunoassays to compare the effect and assess the dosage regimens of three Brazilian Bothrops antivenoms","volume":"47","author":"Theakston","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib79","series-title":"Practice and Theory of Enzyme Immunoassays","author":"Tijssen","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib80","series-title":"Toxins: Animal, Plant and Microbial","first-page":"497","article-title":"Renal lesions in snake bite in Costa Rica","author":"Vargas-Baldares","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib81","series-title":"Manual of Clinical Laboratory Immunology","first-page":"99","article-title":"Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","author":"Voller","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib82","series-title":"Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere","first-page":"709","article-title":"Epidemiology, clinical features and management of snakebites in Central and South America","author":"Warrell","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1986.35.1235","article-title":"Comparative trial of three monospecific antivenoms for bites by the Malayan Pit viper (Calloselasma rhodostoma) in Southern Thailand: clinical and laboratory correlations","volume":"35","author":"Warrell","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib84","series-title":"Progress in the Characterization of Venoms and Standardization of Antivenoms","author":"WHO","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib85","series-title":"WHO Guidelines for the Production, Control and Regulation of Snake Antivenom Immunoglobulins","author":"WHO","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2006.11.026","article-title":"Antivenom use, premedication and early adverse reactions in the management of snake bites in rural Papua New Guinea","volume":"49","author":"Williams","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-197508000-00019","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of envenomation by poisonous snakes","volume":"68","author":"Wingert","year":"1975","journal-title":"South. Med. J."}],"container-title":["Toxicon"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0041010111003667?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0041010111003667?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,11]],"date-time":"2023-06-11T14:04:42Z","timestamp":1686492282000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0041010111003667"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0041010111003667"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0041-0101"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0041-0101","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]}}}