{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:43:39Z","timestamp":1791477819912,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,1]],"date-time":"2012-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1346457600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011084","name":"Sigma Xi","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011084","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The Scientific Research Society"},{"name":"Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, Loma Linda University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxicon"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,28]],"date-time":"2012-04-28T14:40:50Z","timestamp":1335624050000},"page":"315-323","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Investigating the chemical profile of regenerated scorpion (Parabuthus transvaalicus) venom in relation to metabolic cost and toxicity"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Zia","family":"Nisani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danilo S.","family":"Boskovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen G.","family":"Dunbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Kelln","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William K.","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2008.12.007","article-title":"Intraspecific variation in the Egyptian scorpion Scorpio maurus palmatus venom collected from different biotopes","volume":"53","author":"Abdel-Rahman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(01)00140-4","article-title":"Characterisation of the gene encoding the alpha-toxin Amm V from the scorpion Androctonus mauretanicus mauretanicus","volume":"39","author":"Alami","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib3","first-page":"41","article-title":"The venom glands of snakes and venom secretion","volume":"vol. 52","author":"Bdolah","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(95)00066-U","article-title":"Quantity and quality of venom released by a spider (Cupiennius salei, Ctenidae)","volume":"33","author":"Boeve","year":"1995","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/3669","article-title":"Inhibition of T-type voltage-gated calcium channels by a new scorpion toxin","volume":"1","author":"Chuang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib6","first-page":"277","article-title":"Prey capture and stinging behavior in the emperor scorpion, Pandinus imperator","volume":"13","author":"Casper","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Arachnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib7","series-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib8","first-page":"193","article-title":"Stinger utilization and predation in the scorpion Paruroctonus boreus","volume":"40","author":"Cushing","year":"1980","journal-title":"Great Basin Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(97)00099-8","article-title":"Comparison and characterization of the venoms of three Parabuthus scorpion species occurring in southern Africa","volume":"36","author":"Debont","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.03.022","article-title":"Current views on scorpion toxins specific for K+-channels","volume":"43","author":"De La Vega","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2005.09.006","article-title":"Overview of scorpion toxins specific for Na+ channels and related peptides: biodiversity, structure-function relationships and evolution","volume":"46","author":"De La Vega","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2007.08.018","article-title":"Southern African scorpion toxins: an overview","volume":"51","author":"Du Plessis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.637","article-title":"Determination of species-specific components in the venom of Parabuthus scorpions from southern Africa using matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry","volume":"16","author":"Dyason","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1636\/Hi09-38.1","article-title":"Optimal sting use in the feeding behavior of the scorpion Hadrurus spadix","volume":"38","author":"Edmunds","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Arachnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib15","series-title":"Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates","first-page":"117","article-title":"Scorpiones","volume":"vol. 8A","author":"Farley","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib16","first-page":"108","article-title":"Venom yield and characteristics in the desert hairy scorpion (Hadrurus arizonensis)","volume":"108","author":"Fox","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1258\/002367795780740050","article-title":"Black scorpion (Heterometrus longimanus) as a laboratory animal: maintenance of a colony of scorpion for milking of venom for research, using a restraining device","volume":"29","author":"Gopalakrishnakone","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib18","unstructured":"Hammock, B.D., Inceoglu, B., 2007. Isolated Polypeptides and Compositions from the Venom of P. transvaalicus and Methods of Use. U.S. Patent 7176280 (http:\/\/www.patentstorm.us\/patents\/7176280\/fulltext.html)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib19","series-title":"The Biology of Rattlesnakes","first-page":"191","article-title":"The snake venom-metering controversy: levels of analysis, assumptions, and evidence","author":"Hayes","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib20","series-title":"Biology of the Vipers","first-page":"207","article-title":"Factors that influence venom expenditure in viperids and other snake species during predatory and defensive contexts","author":"Hayes","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1023\/B:AHSE.0000038173.00909.f6","article-title":"A visitor's guide to effect sizes: statistical significance versus practical (clinical) importance of research findings","volume":"9","author":"Hojat","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Health Sci. Educ. Theory Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5407","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0014-2956.2001.02479.x","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a novel type of neurotoxin peptide from the venom of the South African scorpion Parabuthus transvaalicus (Buthidae)","volume":"268","author":"Inceoglu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.242735499","article-title":"One scorpion, two venoms: prevenom of Parabuthus transvaalicus acts as an alternative type of venom with\u00a0distinct mechanism of action","volume":"100","author":"Inceoglu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2005.01.020","article-title":"Three structurally related, highly potent, peptides from the venom of Parabuthus transvaalicus possess divergent biological activity","volume":"45","author":"Inceoglu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(97)00017-2","article-title":"Venom variability among several Tityus serrulatus specimens","volume":"35","author":"Kalapothakis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib26","first-page":"201","article-title":"Etude histochimique des glandes a venin des Buthidae (Arachnida, Scorpiones)","volume":"15","author":"Kovoor","year":"1973","journal-title":"Ann. Sci. Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052080106","article-title":"Morphology and ultrastructure of the venom glands\u00a0of the northern Pacific rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis oreganus","volume":"208","author":"Mackessy","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.202.15.2083","article-title":"Effects of size, motility and paralysation time of prey on the quantity of venom injected by the hunting spider Cupiennius salei","volume":"202","author":"Malli","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051370307","article-title":"Ultrastructure of the venom gland of the scorpion, Centruroides sculpturatus (Ewing)","volume":"137","author":"Mazurkiewicz","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1643\/0045-8511(2006)6[818:COPVIT]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Cost of producing venom in three North American pitviper species","volume":"2006","author":"McCue","year":"2006","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib31","unstructured":"Nisani, Z., 2008. Behavioral and physiological ecology of scorpion venom expenditure: stinging, squirting, and venom regeneration. Ph.D. Dissertation, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2007.01.027","article-title":"Cost of venom regeneration in Parabuthus transvaalicus (Arachnida: Buthidae)","volume":"147","author":"Nisani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2010.12.010","article-title":"Defensive stinging by Parabuthus transvaalicus scorpions: risk assessment and venom metering","volume":"81","author":"Nisani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1740733","article-title":"Asynchrony in the synthesis of secretory proteins in the venom gland of the snake Vipera palaestinae","volume":"174","author":"Oron","year":"1978","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-91992010000300017","article-title":"Individual variation in the protein profile of the venom of Mesobuthus gibbosus (Brulle, 1832, Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Turkey","volume":"16","author":"Ozkan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Venom. Anim. Toxins Incl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(92)90534-C","article-title":"Gene expression in Echis carinatus (carpet viper) venom glands following milking","volume":"30","author":"Paine","year":"1992","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib37","first-page":"615","article-title":"Studies on the organization and development of scorpions","volume":"68","author":"Pawlowsky","year":"1924","journal-title":"Q. J. Microsc. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.934","article-title":"Individual variability in Tityus serrulatus (Scorpiones, Buthidae) venom elicited by matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry","volume":"17","author":"Pimenta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.07.008","article-title":"Costs of venom production in the common death adder (Acanthophis atarcticus)","volume":"56","author":"Pintor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.10.001","article-title":"Venom physiology and composition in a litter of common death\u00a0adders (Acanthophis antarcticus) and their parents","volume":"57","author":"Pintor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03419.x","article-title":"Prey and feeding phenology of desert sand scorpion Paruroctonus mesaensis (Scorpionidae: Vaejovidae)","volume":"188","author":"Polis","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Zool. London"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.1999.00625.x","article-title":"Scorpion toxins specific for Na+-channels","volume":"264","author":"Possani","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib43","first-page":"60","article-title":"Sting use in two species of Parabuthus scorpions (Buthidae)","volume":"21","author":"Rein","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Arachnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib44","series-title":"The\u00a0Biology of Scorpions","first-page":"414","article-title":"Venoms and toxins","author":"Simard","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(01)00277-X","article-title":"The venom optimisation hypothesis: a spider injects large venom quantities only into difficult prey types","volume":"40","author":"Wigger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2435.2002.00686.x","article-title":"Influence of venom availability on a spider's prey-choice behaviour","volume":"16","author":"Wullschleger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(79)90277-0","article-title":"Comparative studies on venom obtained from individual scorpions by natural stings","volume":"17","author":"Yahel-Niv","year":"1979","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib48","series-title":"Biostatistical Analysis","author":"Zar","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(69)90035-X","article-title":"A simple device for collecting scorpion venom","volume":"7","author":"Zlotkin","year":"1969","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343_bib50","series-title":"Arthropod Venoms","first-page":"317","article-title":"Chemistry and pharmacology of Buthinae scorpion venoms","author":"Zlotkin","year":"1978"}],"container-title":["Toxicon"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0041010112004503?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0041010112004503?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T07:16:51Z","timestamp":1642144611000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0041010112004503"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0041010112004503"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343","relation":{},"ISSN":["0041-0101"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0041-0101","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]}}}