{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T15:26:50Z","timestamp":1791127610109,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]],"date-time":"2013-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370044800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicon"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,19]],"date-time":"2013-02-19T20:52:56Z","timestamp":1361307176000},"page":"31-36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Botulinum neurotoxins"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"O.","family":"Rossetto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Megighian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Scorzeto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Montecucco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3689","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0375-08.2008","article-title":"Long-distance retrograde effects of botulinum neurotoxin A","volume":"28","author":"Antonucci","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0758-9","article-title":"Future aspects of botulinum neurotoxins","volume":"115","author":"Aoki","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2006.07.040","article-title":"A structural perspective of the sequence variability within botulinum neurotoxin subtypes A1\u2013A4","volume":"362","author":"Arndt","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036239","article-title":"Infant botulism: epidemiology and relation to sudden infant death syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Arnon","year":"1981","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.8.1059","article-title":"Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management","volume":"285","author":"Arnon","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06093.x","article-title":"Cell entry strategy of clostridial neurotoxins","volume":"109","author":"Binz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)38824-6","article-title":"The complete sequence of botulinum neurotoxin type A and comparison with other clostridial neurotoxins","volume":"265","author":"Binz","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)42071-0","article-title":"Proteolysis of SNAP-25 by types E and A botulinal neurotoxins","volume":"269","author":"Binz","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0157969","article-title":"Arg(362) and Tyr(365) of the botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain are involved in transition state stabilization","volume":"41","author":"Binz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/365160a0","article-title":"Botulinum neurotoxin A selectively cleaves the synaptic protein SNAP-25","volume":"365","author":"Blasi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4821","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06171.x","article-title":"Botulinum neurotoxin C blocks neurotransmitter release by means of cleaving HPC-I\/syntaxin","volume":"12","author":"Blasi","year":"1993","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03123","article-title":"Substrate recognition strategy for botulinum neurotoxin serotype A","volume":"432","author":"Breidenbach","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2008.12.027","article-title":"Receptor and substrate interactions of clostridial neurotoxins","volume":"54","author":"Brunger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1949.sp004364","article-title":"The action of botulinum toxin at the neuro-muscular junction","volume":"109","author":"Burgen","year":"1949","journal-title":"J. Physiol. (London)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2008.12.026","article-title":"Central effects of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins","volume":"54","author":"Caleo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21343","article-title":"Assay of diffusion of different botulinum neurotoxin type a formulations injected in the mouse leg","volume":"40","author":"Carli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05411","article-title":"Structural basis of cell surface receptor recognition by botulinum neurotoxin B","volume":"444","author":"Chai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.20.2476","article-title":"Botulism in 4 adults following cosmetic injections with an unlicensed, highly concentrated botulinum preparation","volume":"296","author":"Chertow","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410310619","article-title":"Serum IgG antibody to ganglioside GQ1b is a possible marker of Miller Fisher syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Chiba","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib20","first-page":"1489","article-title":"In\u00a0vitro characterization of botulinum toxin types A, C and D action on human tissues: combined electrophysiologic, pharmacologic and molecular biologic approaches","volume":"280","author":"Coffield","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4402-04.2005","article-title":"Anti-epileptic effects of botulinum toxin E","volume":"25","author":"Costantin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1123654","article-title":"SV2 is the protein receptor for botulinum neurotoxin A","volume":"312","author":"Dong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5226","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E08-07-0765","article-title":"Glycosylated SV2A and SV2B mediate the entry of botulinum neurotoxin E into neurons","volume":"19","author":"Dong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell."},{"issue":"Suppl. 8","key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20003","article-title":"Historical notes on botulism, Clostridium botulinum, botulinum toxin, and the idea of the therapeutic use of the toxin","volume":"19","author":"Erbguth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10447","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700046104","article-title":"Single molecule detection of intermediates during botulinum neurotoxin translocation across membranes","volume":"104","author":"Fischer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1214270","article-title":"Botulinum neurotoxin is shielded by NTNHA in an interlocked complex","volume":"335","author":"Gu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2010.02.001","article-title":"Gaining ground: assays for therapeutics against botulinum neurotoxin","volume":"18","author":"Hakami","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01180-06","article-title":"Genetic diversity among botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridial strains","volume":"189","author":"Hill","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9084(00)00216-9","article-title":"How botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins block neurotransmitter release","volume":"82","author":"Humeau","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2002","article-title":"SNAREs \u2013 engines for membrane fusion","volume":"7","author":"Jahn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.034702","article-title":"Botulinum toxin in clinical practice","volume":"75","author":"Jankovic","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05387","article-title":"Botulinum neurotoxin B recognizes its protein receptor with high affinity and specificity","volume":"444","author":"Jin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10685","DOI":"10.1021\/bi701162d","article-title":"Structural and biochemical studies of botulinum neurotoxin serotype C1 light chain protease: implications for dual substrate specificity","volume":"46","author":"Jin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib34","series-title":"Neuromuscular Junction Disorders","first-page":"333","article-title":"Botulism","volume":"vol. 91 (3rd series)","author":"Johnson","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-012-5767-3","article-title":"De novo subtype and strain identification of botulinum neurotoxin type B through toxin proteomics","volume":"403","author":"Kalb","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2011.11.033","article-title":"Discovery of a novel enzymatic cleavage site for botulinum neurotoxin F5","volume":"586","author":"Kalb","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8117","DOI":"10.1021\/bi100865f","article-title":"Identification of a unique ganglioside binding loop within botulinum neurotoxins C and D-SA","volume":"49","author":"Karalewitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26828","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.254086","article-title":"Novel ganglioside-mediated entry of botulinum neurotoxin serotype D into neurons","volume":"286","author":"Kroken","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2008.12.027","article-title":"Domain organization in Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin type E is unique: its implication in faster translocation","volume":"386","author":"Kumaran","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1999.2945","article-title":"Sequence homology and structural analysis of the clostridial neurotoxins","volume":"291","author":"Lacy","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1038\/2338","article-title":"Crystal structure of botulinum neurotoxin type A and implications for toxicity","volume":"5","author":"Lacy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(02)00370-7","article-title":"Toxicity of botulinum neurotoxins in central nervous system of mice","volume":"41","author":"Luvisetto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1097\/00008877-200409000-00076","article-title":"Central injection of botulinum neurotoxins: behavioural effects in mice","volume":"15","author":"Luvisetto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2006.02.074","article-title":"The synaptic vesicle protein 2C mediates the uptake of botulinum neurotoxin A into phrenic nerves","volume":"580","author":"Mahrhold","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.051908.125345","article-title":"Botulinum neurotoxin: a marvel of protein design","volume":"79","author":"Montal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(86)90282-3","article-title":"How do tetanus and botulinum toxins bind to neuronal membranes?","volume":"11","author":"Montecucco","year":"1986","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2004.12.006","article-title":"Botulinal neurotoxins: revival of an old killer","volume":"5","author":"Montecucco","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033583500003292","article-title":"Structure and function of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins","volume":"28","author":"Montecucco","year":"1995","journal-title":"Q. Rev. Biophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(94)00449-8","article-title":"Bacterial protein toxins penetrate cells via a four-step mechanism","volume":"346","author":"Montecucco","year":"1994","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2004.08.002","article-title":"Presynaptic receptor arrays for clostridial neurotoxins","volume":"12","author":"Montecucco","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2005.05.002","article-title":"SNARE complexes and neuroexocytosis: how many, how close?","volume":"30","author":"Montecucco","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.01.037","article-title":"The N-terminal half of the receptor domain of botulinum neurotoxin A binds to microdomains of the plasma membrane","volume":"380","author":"Muraro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000311390.87642.d8","article-title":"Assessment: botulinum neurotoxin in the treatment of autonomic disorders and pain (an evidence-based review): report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology","volume":"70","author":"Naumann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(92)90864-2","article-title":"Clostridial neurotoxins \u2013 proposal of a common nomenclature","volume":"30","author":"Niemann","year":"1992","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10498","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)34087-5","article-title":"Identification of protein receptor for Clostridium botulinum type B neurotoxin in rat brain synaptosomes","volume":"269","author":"Nishiki","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2010.03.005","article-title":"Clostridium botulinum in the post-genomic era","volume":"28","author":"Peck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20353","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.34.20353","article-title":"Structural determinants of the specificity for VAMP\/synaptobrevin of tetanus and botulinum B and G neurotoxins","volume":"271","author":"Pellizzari","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(97)00482-1","article-title":"The interaction of synaptic vesicle-associated membrane protein\/synaptobrevin with botulinum neurotoxins D and F","volume":"409","author":"Pellizzari","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002008","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002008","article-title":"Botulinum neurotoxin D uses synaptic vesicle protein SV2 and gangliosides as receptors","volume":"7","author":"Peng","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2011.01654.x","article-title":"Double anchorage to the membrane and intact inter-chain disulfide bond are required for the low pH induced entry of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins into neurons","volume":"13","author":"Pirazzini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib61","series-title":"Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology","first-page":"559","article-title":"Biological warfare agents","volume":"vol. 2","author":"Pohanka","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2005.02.032","article-title":"Structural analysis of the catalytic domain of tetanus neurotoxin","volume":"45","author":"Rao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2001.5911","article-title":"Site-directed mutagenesis identifies active site residues of the light chain of botulinum neurotoxin type A","volume":"288","author":"Rigoni","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/372415a0","article-title":"SNARE motif and neurotoxin recognition","volume":"372","author":"Rossetto","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0609713104","article-title":"Identification of the protein receptor binding site of botulinum neurotoxins B and G proves the double-receptor concept","volume":"104","author":"Rummel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06298.x","article-title":"Botulinum neurotoxins C, E and F bind gangliosides via a conserved binding site prior to stimulation-dependent uptake with botulinum neurotoxin F utilising the three isoforms of SV2 as second receptor","volume":"110","author":"Rummel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3577","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05441.x","article-title":"Tetanus toxin is a zinc protein and its inhibition of neurotransmitter release and protease activity depend on zinc","volume":"11","author":"Schiavo","year":"1992","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1038\/359832a0","article-title":"Tetanus and botulinum-B neurotoxins block neurotransmitter release by a proteolytic cleavage of synaptobrevin","volume":"359","author":"Schiavo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)35863-0","article-title":"Botulinum neurotoxins are zinc proteins","volume":"267","author":"Schiavo","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23784","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(20)80452-9","article-title":"Identification of the nerve-terminal targets of botulinum neurotoxins serotype A, D and E","volume":"268","author":"Schiavo","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11516","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)50230-7","article-title":"Botulinum neurotoxin serotype F is a zinc endopeptidase specific for VAMP\/synaptobrevin","volume":"268","author":"Schiavo","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(93)80448-4","article-title":"Botulinum neurotoxins serotype A and E cleave SNAP-25 at distinct COOH-terminal peptide bonds","volume":"335","author":"Schiavo","year":"1993","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)31976-2","article-title":"Botulinum G neurotoxin cleaves VAMP\/synaptobrevin at a single Ala\/Ala peptide bond","volume":"269","author":"Schiavo","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10566","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.18.10566","article-title":"Botulinum neurotoxin type C cleaves a single Lys-Ala bond within the carboxyl-terminal region of syntaxins","volume":"270","author":"Schiavo","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.2.717","article-title":"Neurotoxins affecting neuroexocytosis","volume":"80","author":"Schiavo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib76","series-title":"Botulinum Neurotoxin and Tetanus Toxin","first-page":"399","article-title":"Clostridial toxin as therapeutic agents","author":"Scott","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib77","first-page":"203","article-title":"Botulinum toxin and the blockade of transmitter release","volume":"2","author":"Sellin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib78","first-page":"143","article-title":"Growth of clostridia and preparation of their Neurotoxins","volume":"195","author":"Shone","year":"1995","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib79","first-page":"256","article-title":"Inhibition of vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase antagonizes the effects of clostridial neurotoxins but not phospholipase A2 neurotoxins","volume":"269","author":"Simpson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"issue":"Suppl. 4","key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.08.059","article-title":"Botulism and vaccines for its prevention","volume":"27","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20101042","article-title":"Botulinum neurotoxin serotype D attacks neurons via two carbohydrate-binding sites in a ganglioside-dependent manner","volume":"431","author":"Strotmeier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4467","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2011.08183.x","article-title":"Molecular structures and functional relationships in clostridial neurotoxins","volume":"278","author":"Swaminathan","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/78005","article-title":"Structural analysis of the catalytic and binding sites of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin B","volume":"7","author":"Swaminathan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2009.07.006","article-title":"The anthrax lethal factor and its MAPK kinase-specific metalloprotease activity","volume":"30","author":"Tonello","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Aspects Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2006.06.002","article-title":"Botulinum toxin: clinical use","volume":"12","author":"Truong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1999.0720327.x","article-title":"Proteolysis of SNAP-25 isoforms by botulinum neurotoxin types A, C, and E: domains and amino acid residues controlling the formation of enzyme-substrate complexes and cleavage","volume":"72","author":"Vaidyanathan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib87","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u00dcber ein neuen anaeroben Bacillus und seine Beziehungen zum Botulismus","volume":"26","author":"van Ermengen","year":"1897","journal-title":"Z. Hyg. Infektkr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0854.2006.00520.x","article-title":"Traffic of botulinum toxins A and E in excitatory and inhibitory neurons","volume":"8","author":"Verderio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.12.2395","article-title":"Acute ataxic neuropathy with cross-reactive antibodies to GD1b and GD3 gangliosides","volume":"44","author":"Willison","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(96)00431-0","article-title":"Substrate residues N-terminal to the cleavage site of botulinum type B neurotoxin play a role in determining the specificity of its endopeptidase activity","volume":"386","author":"Witcome","year":"1996","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-33.2.181","article-title":"Avian botulism \u2013 another perspective","volume":"33","author":"Wobeser","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4688","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.11.4688","article-title":"Synaptobrevin\/VAMP of Aplysia californica: structure and proteolysis by tetanus and botulinal neurotoxins type D and F","volume":"91","author":"Yamasaki","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12764","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)99941-2","article-title":"Cleavage of members of the synaptobrevin\/VAMP family by types D and F botulinal neurotoxins and tetanus toxin","volume":"269","author":"Yamasaki","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."}],"container-title":["Toxicon"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0041010113000512?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0041010113000512?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T00:39:50Z","timestamp":1644367190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0041010113000512"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"references-count":93,"alternative-id":["S0041010113000512"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0041-0101"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0041-0101","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Botulinum neurotoxins","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Toxicon","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.017","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}