{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T10:28:52Z","timestamp":1783852132829,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]],"date-time":"2015-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433116800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003381","name":"Portuguese Minist\u00e9rio da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Ci\u00eancia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/101057\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/101057\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003381","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002924","name":"FEDER","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002924","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/BIA-EVF\/2687\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BIA-EVF\/2687\/2012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-028340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-028340"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicon"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,25]],"date-time":"2015-04-25T22:22:55Z","timestamp":1430000575000},"page":"60-66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Variability in venom volume, flow rate and duration in defensive stings of five scorpion species"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"100","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1317-5382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arie","family":"van der Meijden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mykola","family":"Rasko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1401880108","article-title":"The quantities of venom injected into prey of different size by Vipera palaestinae in a single bite","volume":"188","author":"Allon","year":"1974","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Exp. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A\u00a0rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97648","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097648","article-title":"Meek males and fighting females: sexually-dimorphic antipredator behavior and locomotor performance is explained by morphology in bark scorpions (Centruroides vittatus)","volume":"9","author":"Carlson","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib4","first-page":"277","article-title":"Prey capture and stinging behavior in the emperor scorpion, Pandinus imperator (Koch) (Scorpiones, Scorpionidae)","volume":"13","author":"Casper","year":"1985","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Arachnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib5","first-page":"193","article-title":"Stinger utilization and predation in the scorpion Paruroctonus boreus","volume":"40","author":"Cushing","year":"1980","journal-title":"Gt. Basin Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1636\/Hi09-38.1","article-title":"Optimal sting use in the feeding behavior of the scorpion Hadrurus spadix","volume":"38","author":"Edmunds","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Arachnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasms.2008.09.006","article-title":"Detection of honeybee venom in envenomed tissues by direct MALDI MSI","volume":"20","author":"Francese","year":"2009","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genom.9.081307.164356","article-title":"The toxicogenomic multiverse: convergent recruitment of proteins into animal venoms","volume":"10","author":"Fry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib9","series-title":"Biology of the Vipers","first-page":"207","article-title":"Factors that influence venom expenditure in viperids and other snake species during predatory and defensive contexts","author":"Hayes","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2010.01.006","article-title":"Sensationalistic journalism and tales of snakebite: are rattlesnakes rapidly evolving more toxic venom?","volume":"21","author":"Hayes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wilderness Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-010-0608-3","article-title":"Hemprich's long-eared bat (Otonycteris hemprichii) as a predator of scorpions: whispering echolocation, passive gleaning and prey selection","volume":"197","author":"Holderied","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Comp. Physiol. A Neuroethol. Sens. Neural. Behav. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.242735499","article-title":"One scorpion, two venoms: prevenom of Parabuthus transvaalicus acts as an alternative type of venom with distinct mechanism of action","volume":"100","author":"Inceoglu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(66)90078-X","article-title":"A\u00a0quantitative protozoan bio-assay method for determining venom potencies","volume":"3","author":"Johnson","year":"1966","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1960.9.381","article-title":"A\u00a0quantitative study of venom secretion by Vipera palaestinae","volume":"9","author":"Kochva","year":"1960","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(98)00120-2","article-title":"Quantifying the venom dose of the spider Cupiennius salei using monoclonal antibodies","volume":"36","author":"Malli","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1163\/1570754043492135","article-title":"Enzyme activities and biological functions of snake venoms","volume":"2","author":"McCue","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Herpetol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1643\/0045-8511(2006)6[818:COPVIT]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Cost of producing venom in three North American Pitviper species","volume":"2006","author":"McCue","year":"2006","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.11.022","article-title":"The venom optimization hypothesis revisited","volume":"63","author":"Morgenstern","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(82)90121-0","article-title":"The mass of venom injected by two Elapidae: the Taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) and the Australian Tiger snake (Notechis scutatus)","volume":"20","author":"Morrison","year":"1982","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.343","article-title":"Investigating the chemical profile of regenerated scorpion (Parabuthus transvaalicus) venom in relation to metabolic cost and toxicity","volume":"60","author":"Nisani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2007.01.027","article-title":"Cost of venom regeneration in Parabuthus transvaalicus (Arachnida: Buthidae)","volume":"147","author":"Nisani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2010.12.010","article-title":"Defensive stinging by Parabuthus transvaalicus scorpions: risk assessment and venom metering","volume":"81","author":"Nisani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2015.03.002","article-title":"Venom-Spraying Behavior of the Scorpion Parabuthus transvaalicus (Arachnida: Buthidae)","volume":"115","author":"Nisani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib24","series-title":"Vegan: Community Ecology Package","author":"Oksanen","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(86)90037-1","article-title":"Amount of venom injected by Russel's viper (Vipera russelli)","volume":"24","author":"Pe","year":"1986","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib26","series-title":"R: Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Development Core Team","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib27","first-page":"60","article-title":"Sting use in two species of Parabuthus scorpions (Buthidae)","volume":"21","author":"Rein","year":"1993","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Arachnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089","article-title":"NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2014.04.013","article-title":"Metabolic cost of venom replenishment by Prairie Rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis viridis)","volume":"86","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1673\/031.009.6201","article-title":"Spitting performance parameters and their biomechanical implications in the spitting spider, Scytodes thoracica","volume":"9","author":"Suter","year":"2009","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Insect Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e78955","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078955","article-title":"Choose your weapon: defensive behavior is associated with morphology and performance in scorpions","volume":"8","author":"Van der Meijden","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2014.06.007","article-title":"Toxicity of scorpion venom in chick embryo and mealworm assay depending on the use of the soluble fraction versus the whole venom","volume":"88","author":"Van der Valk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(01)00277-X","article-title":"The venom optimisation hypothesis: a spider injects large venom quantities only into difficult prey types","volume":"40","author":"Wigger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(79)90277-0","article-title":"Comparative studies on venom obtained from individual scorpions by natural stings","volume":"17","author":"Yahel-Niv","year":"1979","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4345","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.24.4345","article-title":"Venom flow in rattlesnakes: mechanics and metering","volume":"204","author":"Young","year":"2001","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(69)90035-X","article-title":"A\u00a0simple device for collecting scorpion venom","volume":"7","author":"Zlotkin","year":"1969","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(71)90037-7","article-title":"The effect of scorpion venom on blowfly larvae \u2013 a new method for the evaluation of scorpion venoms potency","volume":"9","author":"Zlotkin","year":"1971","journal-title":"Toxicon"}],"container-title":["Toxicon"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0041010115001087?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0041010115001087?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T03:02:52Z","timestamp":1651806172000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0041010115001087"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["S0041010115001087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["0041-0101"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0041-0101","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Variability in venom volume, flow rate and duration in defensive stings of five scorpion species","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Toxicon","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.04.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}