{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T17:39:43Z","timestamp":1790098783079,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]],"date-time":"2018-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538352000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"DST-SERB"},{"name":"AISTDF"},{"name":"DBT","award":["BT\/412\/NE\/U-Excel\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BT\/412\/NE\/U-Excel\/2013"]}]},{"name":"DST-SERB"},{"name":"AISTDF","award":["IMRC\/AISTDF\/R&D\/P-3\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IMRC\/AISTDF\/R&D\/P-3\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Premium Serum and Vaccines Pvt. Ltd."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicon"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,4]],"date-time":"2018-09-04T11:47:50Z","timestamp":1536061670000},"page":"120-127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Assessment of quality, safety, and pre-clinical toxicity of an equine polyvalent anti-snake venom (Pan Africa): Determination of immunological cross-reactivity of antivenom against venom samples of Elapidae and Viperidae snakes of Africa"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"153","author":[{"given":"Aparup","family":"Patra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhargab","family":"Kalita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashis K.","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib1","series-title":"Mecanismos efectores de la inmunidad humoral. Inmunolog\u00eda celular y molecular","first-page":"322","author":"Abbas","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2017.08.016","article-title":"The medical threat of mamba envenoming in sub-Saharan Africa revealed by genus-wide analysis of venom composition, toxicity and antivenomics profiling of available antivenoms","volume":"172","author":"Ainsworth","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Proteomics."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2732","DOI":"10.1021\/pr0701714","article-title":"Snake venomics of Bitis species reveals large intragenus venom toxin composition variation: application to taxonomy of congeneric taxa","volume":"6","author":"Calvete","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib4","first-page":"315","article-title":"Randomized comparative trial of three antivenoms in the treatment of envenoming by lance-headed vipers (Bothrops jararaca) in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"86","author":"Cardoso","year":"1993","journal-title":"QJM: Int. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib5","series-title":"Guidelines for the Clinical Management of Snake-bites in the South-east Asia Region","first-page":"1","author":"David","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2003.12.019","article-title":"Endotoxin removal from solutions of F (ab') 2 fragments of equine antibodies against snake venom using macroporous chitosan membrane","volume":"234","author":"de Freitas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2016.12.018","article-title":"Proteomic analysis to unravel the complex venom proteome of eastern India Naja naja: correlation of venom composition with its biochemical and pharmacological properties","volume":"156","author":"Dutta","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Proteomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2014.12.020","article-title":"Anticoagulant mechanism and platelet deaggregation property of a non-cytotoxic, acidic phospholipase A2 purified from Indian cobra (Naja naja) venom: inhibition of anticoagulant activity by low molecular weight heparin","volume":"110","author":"Dutta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.07.005","article-title":"Studies on the fractionation of equine antivenom IgG by combinations of ammonium sulfate and caprylic acid","volume":"60","author":"Eursakun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1006\/biol.2002.0329","article-title":"Effect of preservatives on IgG aggregation, complement-activating effect and hypotensive activity of horse polyvalent antivenom used in snakebite envenomation","volume":"30","author":"Garc\u0131\u0301a","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.039","article-title":"Experimental pathophysiology of systemic alterations induced by Bothrops asper snake venom","volume":"54","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/004947559802800412","article-title":"A clinico-epidemiological study of snake bite in Nepal","volume":"28","author":"Hansdak","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trop. Doct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(00)86045-4","article-title":"Determination of urinary hippuric acid and o-cresol, as indices of toluene exposure, by liquid chromatography on dynamically modified silica","volume":"229","author":"Hansen","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005969","article-title":"Preclinical antivenom-efficacy testing reveals potentially disturbing deficiencies of snakebite treatment capability in East Africa","volume":"11","author":"Harrison","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038739","article-title":"A randomised controlled trial of two infusion rates to decrease reactions to antivenom","volume":"7","author":"Isbister","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(02)00031-5","article-title":"Enhanced pepsin digestion: a novel process for purifying antibody F (ab') 2 fragments in high yield from serum","volume":"263","author":"Jones","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Meth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.6b00693","article-title":"Unraveling the proteome composition and immuno-profiling of western India Russell's viper venom for in-depth understanding of its pharmacological properties, clinical manifestations, and effective antivenom treatment","volume":"16","author":"Kalita","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2819","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.8b00291","article-title":"Proteomic analysis and immuno-profiling of eastern India Russell's viper ( Daboia russelii) venom: correlation between RVV composition and clinical manifestations post RV bite","volume":"17","author":"Kalita","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.083","volume":"118","author":"Kalita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e218","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050218","article-title":"The global burden of snakebite: a literature analysis and modelling based on regional estimates of envenoming and deaths","volume":"5","author":"Kasturiratne","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/227680a0","article-title":"Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4","volume":"227","author":"Laemmli","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-120021113","article-title":"Snake antivenoms","volume":"41","author":"Lalloo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.09.010","article-title":"Pathogenic mechanisms underlying adverse reactions induced by intravenous administration of snake antivenoms","volume":"76","author":"Le\u00f3n","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6","article-title":"Protein estimation by Lowry's method","volume":"193","author":"Lowry","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.292.6512.17","article-title":"Prediction, prevention, and mechanism of early (anaphylactic) antivenom reactions in victims of snake bites","volume":"292","author":"Malasit","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001018","article-title":"Snakebite mortality in India: a nationally representative mortality survey","volume":"5","author":"Mohapatra","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-4959(01)00473-0","article-title":"Biochemical composition, lethality and pathophysiology of venom from two cobras\u2014Naja naja and N. kaouthia","volume":"131","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2016.06.001","article-title":"A proteomic analysis of Pakistan Daboia russelii russelii venom and assessment of potency of Indian polyvalent and monovalent antivenom","volume":"144","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Proteomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4327","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200500072","article-title":"Towards a human proteome atlas: high-throughput generation of mono-specific antibodies for tissue profiling","volume":"5","author":"Nilsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17119","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17227-y","article-title":"Proteomics and antivenomics of Echis carinatus carinatus venom: correlation with pharmacological properties and pathophysiology of envenomation","volume":"7","author":"Patra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2010.07.003","article-title":"Human complement activation and anaphylatoxins generation induced by snake venom toxins from Bothrops genus","volume":"47","author":"Pidde-Queiroz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-4708.90366","article-title":"Validation of a simple RP-HPLC method developed for the quantification of meta-cresol in parathyroid hormones formulation","volume":"2","author":"Rane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharm. Meth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1081\/TXR-120019563","article-title":"Merit and demerit of polyvalent snake antivenoms","volume":"22","author":"Ratanabanangkoon","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Toxin Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004565","article-title":"A simple and novel strategy for the production of a pan-specific antiserum against elapid snakes of Asia","volume":"10","author":"Ratanabanangkoon","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib35","first-page":"710","article-title":"Characterization of aspercetin, a platelet aggregating component from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper which induces thrombocytopenia and potentiates metalloproteinase-induced hemorrhage","volume":"86","author":"Rucavado","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemostasis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2015.10.007","article-title":"A comparative study of venomics of Naja naja from India and Sri Lanka, clinical manifestations and antivenomics of an Indian polyspecific antivenom","volume":"132","author":"Sintiprungrat","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Proteomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0591","article-title":"Anticomplementary activity of horse IgG and F (ab') 2 antivenoms","volume":"90","author":"Squaiella-Baptistao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37299","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37299","article-title":"Assessing SABU (Serum Anti Bisa Ular), the sole Indonesian antivenom: a proteomic analysis and neutralization efficacy study","volume":"6","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2017.10.014","article-title":"Cross reactivity and lethality neutralization of venoms of Indonesian Trimeresurus complex species by Thai Green Pit Viper Antivenom","volume":"140","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2017.07.002","article-title":"Venom proteome of the yellow-lipped sea krait, Laticauda colubrina from Bali: insights into subvenomic diversity, venom antigenicity and cross-neutralization by antivenom","volume":"166","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Proteomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0491(89)90042-4","article-title":"A comparative study of the enzymatic and toxic properties of venoms of the Asian lance-headed pit viper (Genus Trimeresurus)","volume":"93","author":"Tan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib42","series-title":"Handbook of Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons","first-page":"433","article-title":"Clinical toxicology of snakebite in Africa and the Middle East\/Arabian Peninsula","author":"Warrell","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1021\/pr301024c","article-title":"A proteomics search algorithm specifically designed for high-resolution tandem mass spectra","volume":"12","author":"Wenger","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib44","series-title":"Guidelines for the Prevention and Clinical Management of Snakebite in Africa","author":"WHO","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib45","series-title":"Comprar Endotoxins: Pyrogens, LAL Testing and Depyrogenation, | Kevin L. Williams| 9780849393723| Informa Healthcare","author":"Williams","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0871","article-title":"Venom and purified toxins of the spectacled cobra (Naja naja) from Pakistan: insights into toxicity and antivenom neutralization","volume":"94","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018_bib47","series-title":"WHO Guidelines for the Production, Control and Regulation of Snake Antivenom Immunoglobulins","first-page":"134","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["Toxicon"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0041010118303726?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0041010118303726?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T11:08:14Z","timestamp":1661944094000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0041010118303726"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S0041010118303726"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018","relation":{},"ISSN":["0041-0101"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0041-0101","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Assessment of quality, safety, and pre-clinical toxicity of an equine polyvalent anti-snake venom (Pan Africa): Determination of immunological cross-reactivity of antivenom against venom samples of Elapidae and Viperidae snakes of Africa","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Toxicon","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.018","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}