{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T23:44:14Z","timestamp":1793317454850,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicon"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]],"date-time":"2020-12-08T05:53:27Z","timestamp":1607406807000},"page":"20-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Aflatoxins and kwashiorkor: A commentary on the association-causation conundrum"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"190","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3903-6452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed F.","family":"Abdallah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Briend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard Bryan","family":"Gonzales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.001_bib1","series-title":"Kwashiorkor: Still an Enigma - the Search Must Go on","author":"Briend","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1030258","article-title":"The effect of the aflatoxins B1, G1, and G2 on protein and nucleic acid synthesis in rat liver","volume":"103","author":"Clifford","year":"1967","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(86)90266-X","article-title":"Aflatoxins and kwashiorkor: clinical studies in Sudanese children","volume":"80","author":"Coulter","year":"1986","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00442763","article-title":"Aflatoxin excretion in children with kwashiorkor or marasmic kwashiorkor--a clinical investigation","volume":"110","author":"de Vries","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.10.002","article-title":"Aflatoxin B(1) metabolism: regulation by phase I and II metabolizing enzymes and chemoprotective agents","volume":"778","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1177\/003591576505800503","article-title":"The environment and disease: association or causation?","volume":"58","author":"Hill","year":"1965","journal-title":"Proc. Roy. Soc. Med."},{"issue":"1 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.90.1.110","article-title":"Causation of kwashiorkor: toward a multifactorial consensus","volume":"90","author":"Jelliffe","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2000.tb01217.x","article-title":"Intensive nursing care of kwashiorkor in Malawi","volume":"89","author":"Manary","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/13.10.1853","article-title":"Effect of dietary protein level on aflatoxin B1 actions in the liver of weanling rats","volume":"13","author":"Mandel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3109\/03602532.2011.577781","article-title":"Drug metabolism alterations in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"43","author":"Merrell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Metabol. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2017.1357003","article-title":"Mycotoxin contamination of foods in Southern Africa: a 10-year review (2007-2016)","volume":"59","author":"Misihairabgwi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.07.010","article-title":"Aflatoxins in organs and biological samples from children affected by kwashiorkor, marasmus and marasmic-kwashiorkor: a scoping review","volume":"185","author":"Soriano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.001_bib13","first-page":"488","article-title":"Quantitation of multiple mycotoxins and cyanogenic glucosides in cassava samples from Tanzania and Rwanda by an LC-MS\/MS-based multi-toxin method. Food Additives & Contaminants","volume":"32","author":"Sulyok","year":"2015","journal-title":"Part A: Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment"},{"issue":"5855","key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)94666-X","article-title":"Kwashiorkor: a nutritional disease of children associated with a maize diet","volume":"226","author":"Williams","year":"1935","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Toxicon"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S004101012030948X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S004101012030948X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T21:15:27Z","timestamp":1758575727000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S004101012030948X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":14,"alternative-id":["S004101012030948X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0041-0101"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0041-0101","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Aflatoxins and kwashiorkor: A commentary on the association-causation conundrum","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Toxicon","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"simple-article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}