{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:06:26Z","timestamp":1790723186201,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":238,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicon"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T02:14:32Z","timestamp":1609380872000},"page":"83-103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Scorpions and scorpion sting envenoming (scorpionism) in the Arab Countries of the Middle East"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"191","author":[{"given":"Zuhair S.","family":"Amr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad A.","family":"Abu Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Al-Saraireh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Warrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.05.020","article-title":"Full characterization of three toxins from the Androctonus amoreuxi scorpion venom","volume":"54","author":"Abbas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib2","series-title":"Echocardiographic evaluation of the response to Prazosin treatment in scorpion sting","author":"Abdel Baseer","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib3","first-page":"184","article-title":"The effects of Buthotus schach scorpion venom on electrophysiological properties of magnocellular neurons of rat supraoptic nucleus","volume":"17","author":"Aboutorabi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res. (IJPR)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib4","series-title":"Envenimations scorpioniques: avancees chimiques, physioppathologiques et therapeutiquis [Monogragh","first-page":"1","author":"Abroug","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)12083-4","article-title":"Serotherapy in scorpion envenomation: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"354","author":"Abroug","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(97)70105-7","article-title":"High-dose hydrocortisone hemisuccinate in scorpion envenomation","volume":"30","author":"Abroug","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2017.1377221","article-title":"Inverted Takotsubo syndrome in Androctonus australis scorpion envenomation","volume":"56","author":"Abroug","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05924-8","article-title":"Scorpion envenomation: state of the art","volume":"46","author":"Abroug","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.934.1.1","article-title":"Nomenclatural notes in scorpiones (arachnida)","volume":"934","author":"Acosta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/IJTDH\/2016\/23351","article-title":"The scorpion sting: epidemiology, clinical symptoms, treatment, surveillance and reporting obstacles in the Salfit District (West Bank) (2014-2015)","volume":"14","author":"Adawi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Trop. Dis. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327113515502","article-title":"Getting stung by black scorpion Androctonus crassicauda: a case report","volume":"33","author":"Aghabiklooei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib12","first-page":"852","article-title":"Clinical aspects and frequency of scorpion stings in the Riyadh region of Saudi Arabia","volume":"33","author":"Al Asmari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib13","first-page":"299","article-title":"Role of prazosin on cardiovascular manifestations and pulmonary edema following severe scorpion stings in Saudi Arabia","volume":"29","author":"Alasmari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib14","first-page":"64","article-title":"Scorpion sting syndrome in a general hospital in Saudi Arabia","volume":"25","author":"Al-Asmari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3923\/jbs.2009.96.108","article-title":"The scorpion fauna of Al-Baha and Hail regions, Saudi Arabia","volume":"9","author":"Al-Asmari","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-91992009000400003","article-title":"New additions to the scorpion fauna of Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia","volume":"15","author":"Al-Asmari","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Venom. Anim. Toxins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib17","first-page":"821","article-title":"Morphological identification of scorpion species from Jazan and Al-Medina Al-Munawara regions, Saudi Arabia","volume":"13","author":"Al-Asmari","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Venom. Anim. Toxins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib18","first-page":"1","article-title":"A review of the scorpion fauna of Saudi Arabia. Egypt","volume":"6","author":"Al-Asmari","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nat. Hist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib19","first-page":"49","article-title":"List of scorpions recorded for the first time in Iraq. Ibn Al-Haitham J","volume":"29","author":"Al-Azawi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pure & Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib20","first-page":"13","article-title":"Taxonomic study of Androctonus crassicauda (oliver, 1807) (scorpiones: buthidae) in Iraq","volume":"14","author":"Al-Azawi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull. Iraq Nat. Hist. Mus."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib21","first-page":"708","article-title":"Description of new species of scorpions Compsobuthus iraqensis, (Arachnida: buthidae) for the first time in Iraq and world. IQ","volume":"49","author":"Al-Azawii","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agr. Scs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-9946201860030","article-title":"Acute kidney injury and pancreatitis due to scorpion sting: case report and literature review","volume":"60","author":"Albuquerque","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib23","first-page":"53","article-title":"Scorpion envenomation: an experience with children at Rabigh general hospital","volume":"21","author":"Al-Hemairi","year":"2013","journal-title":"KSA. J. Med. Sci. (Peshawar)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2015.7.11749","article-title":"Epidemiological review of scorpion stings in Qatar. The need for regional management guidelines in emergency departments","volume":"36","author":"Alkahlout","year":"2015","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib25","first-page":"179","article-title":"Biodiversity and conservation of wildlife at the wafra area in Kuwait","volume":"3","author":"Al-Khalifa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biodiversity J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib26","first-page":"13","article-title":"Biochemical studies of Buthotus saulcyi scorpion venom","volume":"10","author":"Al-Khayat","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann. Coll. Med. Mosul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib27","first-page":"85","article-title":"First record of Androctonus bicolor ehrenberg, 1828 (arachnida: scorpiones) with scorpion records dhi qar province, Iraq","volume":"13","author":"Al-Khazali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biharean Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib28","first-page":"19","article-title":"The scorpion fauna of the southwestern part of Saudi Arabia. Egypt","volume":"11","author":"Alqahtani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acad. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib29","article-title":"Diagnostic and epidemiologic study of fat tail scorpion (Androctonus crassicuada) in Mid -Euphrates region\/Iraq","volume":"10","author":"Al-Ramahi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. K. U."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib30","first-page":"10","article-title":"Scorpion sting in children from northwestern area of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","volume":"2","author":"Al Rashed","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bahrain Med. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib31","series-title":"Systematic and toxicological studies of scorpion species from various localities of Saudi Arabia","author":"Al-Sadoon","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib32","first-page":"217","article-title":"Study of the frequency and incidence of scorpion stings and snakebites in Riyadh city","volume":"6","author":"Al-Sadoon","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-91992003000100003","article-title":"Epidemiological study of scorpion stings in Saudi Arabia between 1993 and 1997","volume":"9","author":"Al-Sadoon","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Venom. Anim. Toxins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/09397140.1992.10637617","article-title":"Additions to the scorpion fauna of Yemen","volume":"6","author":"Al-Safadi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Zool. Middle East"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib35","first-page":"18","article-title":"Snake bites and scorpion stings in children: an audit of cases admitted to Asir Central Hospital, South-western Saudi Arabia","volume":"10","author":"Al-Shehri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Middle East Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib36","first-page":"125","article-title":"First record of Hottentotta jayakari (pocock, 1895) from Qatar","volume":"7","author":"Al-Saraireh","year":"2020","journal-title":"JJNH"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib37","first-page":"54","article-title":"Extensive necrotising fasciitis due to scorpion sting in a newborn infant: a case report","volume":"6","author":"Amayreh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. R. Med. Serv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib38","series-title":"Critical Care Toxicology","article-title":"Middle East and north african scorpions","author":"Amitai","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib39","series-title":"Scorpion Venoms","first-page":"181","article-title":"Scorpionism and dangerous species of Jordan","author":"Amr","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/11250009409355881","article-title":"Systematics and distribution of scorpions (arachnida, scorpionida) in Jordan","volume":"61","author":"Amr","year":"1994","journal-title":"Boll. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib41","first-page":"237","article-title":"The scorpions of Jordan","volume":"14","author":"Amr","year":"2004","journal-title":"Denisia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib42","first-page":"369","article-title":"Scorpion et piqures de scorpions en Jordanie","volume":"81","author":"Amr","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1994.11812845","article-title":"Scorpion stings in Jordan","volume":"88","author":"Amr","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib44","first-page":"30","article-title":"New records of Jordanian scorpions","volume":"2","author":"Amr","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. J. N. H."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2017.05.003","article-title":"Scorpion stings in Jordan: an update","volume":"28","author":"Amr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wilderness Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1580\/0953-9859-4.3.241","article-title":"Scorpion stings in children in the Asir province of Saudi Arabia","volume":"4","author":"Annobil","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Wilderness Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/02724936.1991.11747533","article-title":"Intracranial haemorrhages after Nebo hierochonticus (Sic) scorpion sting","volume":"11","author":"Annobil","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Paediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib48","first-page":"110","article-title":"Antivenom activity exploration of Azadirachta indica","volume":"32","author":"Arafa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia T\u00e9cnica Vitivin\u00edcola"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2018.08.014","article-title":"Approach to scorpion stings in pregnancy: a retrospective case series and literature review","volume":"57","author":"Ates","year":"2018","journal-title":"Taiwan. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018818772779","article-title":"Incidence, mechanisms and impact outcome of hyperglycaemia in severe scorpion-envenomed patients","volume":"9","author":"Bahloul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2019.10.021","article-title":"Generation of a recombinant antivenom against scorpion stings in Mexico","volume":"177","author":"Becerril","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(96)00041-4","article-title":"Clinical description of Parabuthus transvaalicus scorpionism in Zimbabwe","volume":"35","author":"Bergman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10110452","article-title":"Innovative immunization strategies for antivenom development","volume":"10","author":"Berm\u00fadez-M\u00e9ndez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.05.007","article-title":"Dobutamine in the treatment of severe scorpion envenoming","volume":"182","author":"Bouaziz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib55","first-page":"25","article-title":"Scorpion stings in the Al Baha region","volume":"10","author":"Brennan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.12.013","article-title":"Turkish scorpion Buthacus macrocentrus: general characterization of the venom and description of Bu1, a potent mammalian Na+-channel \u03b1-toxin","volume":"59","author":"Caliskan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1979.03290360054029","article-title":"Hemolysis, renal failure, and local necrosis following scorpion sting","volume":"241","author":"Chadha","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S24754","article-title":"Emerging options for the management of scorpion stings","volume":"6","author":"Chippaux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.05.021","article-title":"Epidemiology of scorpionism: a global appraisal","volume":"107","author":"Chippaux","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/14789450.2020.1705158","article-title":"Scorpion venomics: a 2019 overview","volume":"17","author":"Cid-Uribe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Proteomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib61","first-page":"397","article-title":"Ricerche sul veleno di alcuni scorpioni eritrei (Parabuthus liosoma abyssinicus e Pandinus magretti) e sulla preparazione di un antisero specifico","volume":"6","author":"Cilli","year":"1946","journal-title":"Bollettino della Societ\u00e0 Italiana Medica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib62","series-title":"Kuwait's Natural History: an Introduction","author":"Clayton","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.06.002","article-title":"Scorpion sting in Iran: a review","volume":"60","author":"Dehghani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib65","first-page":"193","article-title":"Scorpions of the Ha\u2019il Region, northern Saudi Arabia, and molecular phylogenetics of two common species, Androctonus crassicauda and Scorpio maurus kruglovi","volume":"15","author":"Desouky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Br. Arachnol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10090365","article-title":"Venomous arachnid diagnostic assays, lessons from past attempts","volume":"10","author":"Dias-Lopes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib67","first-page":"148","article-title":"Scorpion sting syndrome - a ten year experience","volume":"15","author":"Dittrich","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2002.87","article-title":"Cardiac arrest following scorpion envenomation","volume":"22","author":"Dittrich","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Saudi Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(92)90507-2","article-title":"Issues in management of scorpion sting in children","volume":"30","author":"El-Amin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0929-693X(96)81248-6","article-title":"Piq\u00fbres de scorpion chez l'enfant. Exp\u00e9rience saoudienne","volume":"2","author":"El Aminn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.1991.625","article-title":"Hematological and biochemical findings in scorpion stung children","volume":"11","author":"El-Amin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Saudi Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/02724936.1991.11747493","article-title":"Scorpion sting: a management problem","volume":"11","author":"El-Amin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Paediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/02724936.1994.11747687","article-title":"Serotherapy in the management of scorpion sting in children in Saudi Arabia","volume":"14","author":"El Amin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Paediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib75","first-page":"13","article-title":"Scorpions of Jordan","volume":"1","author":"El Hennawy","year":"1988","journal-title":"SERKET"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib76","first-page":"95","article-title":"A catalogue of the scorpions described from the Arab countries (1758-1990) (Arachnida: scorpionida)","volume":"2","author":"El Hennawy","year":"1992","journal-title":"SERKET"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib77","first-page":"119","article-title":"Scorpions of Saudi Arabia (List of species, their distribution, and identification key)","volume":"11","author":"El Hennawy","year":"2009","journal-title":"SERKET"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib78","first-page":"133","article-title":"Clinical patterns of scorpion stings in Saudi Arabia","volume":"15","author":"El Naggar","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib79","series-title":"Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758\u20131998)","first-page":"54","article-title":"Family buthidae C. L. Koch, 1837","author":"Fet","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib80","first-page":"179","article-title":"First record of euscorpius (polytrichobothrius) italicus (scorpiones: Euscorpiidae) from Iraq","volume":"67","author":"Fet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib81","first-page":"287","article-title":"First record for the genus Mesobuthus Vachon, 1950 in Israel: Mesobuthus nigrocinctus (ehrenberg, 1828), n. comb. (Scorpiones: buthidae) from Mt. Hermon","volume":"46","author":"Fet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Isr. J. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib82","series-title":"Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758-1998)","first-page":"690","author":"Fet","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib83","first-page":"29","article-title":"First report of the scorpion Buthotus jayakari in the UAE","volume":"8","author":"Feulner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Tribulus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib84","first-page":"35","article-title":"Revision of the genus Nebo Simon (scorpiones: Diplocentridae)","volume":"8","author":"Francke","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Arachnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib85","series-title":"Voyage Zoologique d'Henri Gadeau de Kerville en Syrie (avril-juin 1908). Tome 1. R\u00e9sultats zoologiques de voyage","first-page":"71","author":"Gadeau De Kerville","year":"1926"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.1999.444","article-title":"Scorpion envenomation in children: should all stings be given antivenom?","volume":"79","author":"Gajre","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Saudi Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib87","series-title":"Arachnids of Saudi Arabia: notes on poisoning accidents through scorpions in Saudi Arabia","first-page":"67","volume":"1","author":"Goyffon","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-91992012000400003","article-title":"Dangerous scorpion fauna of Mali","volume":"18","author":"Goyffon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Venom. Anim. Toxins Incl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)81992-4","article-title":"Scorpion envenomation in eastern Saudi Arabia","volume":"22","author":"Groshong","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.57.2.156","article-title":"Cardiovascular manifestations of severe scorpion sting. Clinicopathologic correlations","volume":"57","author":"Gueron","year":"1970","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(67)90477-8","article-title":"Severe myocardial damage and heart failure in scorpion sting. Report of five cases","volume":"19","author":"Gueron","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s002040050216","article-title":"Use of dantrolene in experimental scorpion envenomation by Androctonus australis hector","volume":"69","author":"Guieu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib93","first-page":"13","article-title":"Environmental hazards as a cause of pediatric intensive care admission","volume":"8","author":"Haidar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Yemeni J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)00062-2","article-title":"Epidemiological data, clinical admission gradation and biological quantification by ELISA of scorpion envenomations in Algeria: effect of immunotherapy","volume":"98","author":"Hammoudi-Triki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib95","first-page":"33","article-title":"Buthid scorpions of Saudi Arabia, with notes on other families (scorpiones: buthidae, liochelidae, Scorpionidae)","volume":"21","author":"Hendrixson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fauna of Arabia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1401108","article-title":"Scorpion envenomation","volume":"371","author":"Isbister","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2018.08.005","article-title":"Preparation of F(ab') 2 antivenom in Iraq against scorpion (Hottentotta saulcyi) venom","volume":"56","author":"Ismael","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(94)90384-0","article-title":"The treatment of the scorpion envenoming syndrome: the Saudi experience with serotherapy","volume":"32","author":"Ismail","year":"1994","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib99","first-page":"312","article-title":"Clinical patterns of scorpion stings at EI-ouawayah general hospital Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia","volume":"16","author":"Ismail","year":"1995","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(94)90319-0","article-title":"Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier), a dangerous and unduly neglected scorpion-I. Pharmacological and clinical studies","volume":"32","author":"Ismail","year":"1994","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2007.03.013","article-title":"Scorpion stings in Qassim, Saudi Arabia- a 5-year surveillance report","volume":"50","author":"Jahan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.09.012","article-title":"A review of epidemiological, clinical and in vitro physiological studies of envenomation by the scorpion Hemiscorpius lepturus (Hemiscorpiidae) in Iran","volume":"55","author":"Jalali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2008.183","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects of scorpion stings in Al-Jouf Province, Saudi Arabia","volume":"28","author":"Jarrar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Saudi Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/09397140.1999.10637772","article-title":"Scorpions of southern Syria","volume":"17","author":"Kabakibi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Zool. Middle East"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib105","series-title":"Advances in Arachnology and Developmental Biology. Papers Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Bo\u017eidar \u0106ur\u010di\u0107. Inst. Zool., Belgrade; BAS, Sofia; Fac. Life Sci., Vienna; SASA, Belgrade & UNESCO MAB Serbia","first-page":"209","article-title":"Scorpions of the eastern mediterranean","volume":"vol. 12","author":"Kaltsas","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.12891\/ceog1838.2015","article-title":"Scorpion stings in pregnant women: an analysis of 11 cases and review of literature","volume":"42","author":"Kaplanoglu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2016.11.261","article-title":"The first report on transcriptome analysis of the venom gland of Iranian scorpion","volume":"125","author":"Kazemi-Lomedasht","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hemiscorpius lepturus. Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib108","first-page":"6","article-title":"Scorpions of Kuwait","volume":"21","author":"Kettel","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ahmadi Natural History and Field Studies Group Newsletter"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib109","first-page":"1","article-title":"A small collection of scorpions from Iraq","volume":"2","author":"Khalaf","year":"1962","journal-title":"Bull. Iraq Nat. Hist. Mus."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib110","first-page":"59","article-title":"Scorpions reported from Iraq","volume":"5","author":"Khalaf","year":"1963","journal-title":"Bull. Endem Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib111","first-page":"1","article-title":"Leiurus abdul-lahbayrami (Scorpiones: buthidae), a new species for the scorpion fauna of Syria","volume":"12","author":"Khalil","year":"2010","journal-title":"SERKET"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib112","first-page":"22","article-title":"Scorpion fauna and scorpionism in Zakho province of northern Iraq","volume":"4","author":"Kachel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comm. J. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364\u2010369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.03.007","article-title":"Scorpion Consensus Expert Group. Classification of clinical consequences of scorpion stings: consensus development","volume":"105","author":"Khattabi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib114","first-page":"97","article-title":"Die Skorpionssammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums der Stadt Mainz. Teil 2: Vorderasien","volume":"22","author":"Kinzelbach","year":"1984","journal-title":"Mainz. Naturwissenschaftliches Arch."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib115","first-page":"845","article-title":"The epidemiological situation in Iraq","volume":"60","author":"Korzeniewski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Przegl. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib116","article-title":"The availability of antidotes in public hospitals in Kuwait: a cross sectional survey","volume":"S1\u2013002","author":"Koshy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharma. Care Health Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib117","first-page":"90","article-title":"Buthus occitanus (amoreux, 1789) and Orthochirus innesi Simon, 1910 (scorpionidea, buthidae) from Iraq","volume":"159","author":"Kova\u0159\u00edk","year":"1992","journal-title":"Casopis Narodnfho Muzea, Rada prirodovedna"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib118","first-page":"87","article-title":"Eight new species of Compsobuthus Vachon, 1949 from Africa and asia (scorpiones: buthidae)","volume":"8","author":"Kova\u0159\u00edk","year":"2003","journal-title":"SERKET"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib119","first-page":"1","volume":"16","author":"Kova\u0159\u00edk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Euscorpius"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib120","first-page":"1","article-title":"Taxonomic position of species of the genus Buthacus birula, 1908 described by ehrenberg and Louren\u00e7o, and description of a new species (scorpiones: buthidae)","volume":"28","author":"Kova\u0159\u00edk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Euscorpius"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib121","first-page":"1","article-title":"A revision of the Genus Hottentotta Birula, 1908, with descriptions of four new species (Scorpiones, Buthidae)","volume":"58","author":"Kova\u0159\u00edk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Euscorpius"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib122","first-page":"137","article-title":"Leiurus nasheri sp. nov. From Yemen (scorpiones, buthidae)","volume":"71","author":"Kova\u0159\u00edk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Soc. Bohem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib123","first-page":"1","article-title":"Three new species of Compsobuthus Vachon, 1949 from Yemen, Jordan, Israel, and somaliland (scorpiones: buthidae)","volume":"150","author":"Kova\u0159\u00edk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Euscorpius"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib124","series-title":"Illustrated Catalogue of Scorpions Part II Bothriuridae: Buthidae I, Genera Compsobuthus, Hottentotta, Isometrus, Lychas and Sassanidotus","first-page":"145","article-title":"Family buthidae","author":"Kova\u0159\u00edk","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib125","first-page":"103","article-title":"Cataloghi del museo di storia naturale dell\u2019universit\u00e0 di Firenze-sezione di zoologia \u201cla specola\u201d xxii. arachnida scorpiones. tipi. addenda (1988\u20132004) e checklist della collezione (Euscorpiinae esclusi)","volume":"111","author":"Kova\u0159\u00edk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atti. Soc. Tosc. Sci. nat. Mem. Ser. B."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib238","first-page":"1","article-title":"Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Part VII. Parabuthus Pocock, 1890 (Buthidae), with Description of P. hamar sp. n. and P. kajibu sp. n. from Ethiopia","volume":"228","author":"Kova\u0159\u00edk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Euscorpius"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib126","first-page":"1","article-title":"Review of the genus Babycurus Karsch, 1886 (Arachnida, Scorpiones, Buthidae), with descriptions of Barbaracurus gen. n. and two new species from Oman and Yemen","volume":"267","author":"Kova\u0159\u00edk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Euscorpius"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib127","first-page":"1","article-title":"A review of Orthochirus from Turkey, Iraq, and Iran (khoozestan, ilam, and lorestan provinces), with descriptions of three new species (scorpiones: buthidae)","volume":"278","author":"Kova\u0159\u00edk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Euscorpius"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(92)90512-T","article-title":"Scorpion venom cardiomyopathy","volume":"123","author":"Kumar","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib129","first-page":"231","article-title":"Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus (Birula, 1908) (Scorpiones: buthidae) and its systematic position","volume":"19","author":"Levy","year":"1970","journal-title":"Isr. J. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1973.tb00782.x","article-title":"New scorpions from Israel, Jordan and Arabia","volume":"52","author":"Levy","year":"1973","journal-title":"Zool. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib131","series-title":"Fauna Palaestina. Arachnida I: Scorpiones","author":"Levy","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib237","first-page":"237","article-title":"A new species of Apistobuthus Finnegan, 1932 (Chelicerata, Scorpiones, Buthidae) from Iran","volume":"12","author":"Louren\u00e7o","year":"1998","journal-title":"Entomol. Mitt. zool. Mus. Hamburg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/09397140.1999.10637786","article-title":"On the phylogenetic position of the genus Birulatus Vachon, 1973 (Scorpiones, Buthidae) and redescription of Birulatus haasi","volume":"18","author":"Louren\u00e7o","year":"1999","journal-title":"Zool. Middle East"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib133","first-page":"141","article-title":"Further morphological considerations on the genus Birulatus Vachon (Scorpiones, Buthidae), with the description of a new species from Israel","volume":"6","author":"Louren\u00e7o","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Iber. Aracnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib232","first-page":"205","article-title":"Description of a new species of Buthacus Birula,1908 (Scorpiones, Buthidae) from Afghanistan","volume":"14","author":"Louren\u00e7o","year":"2004","journal-title":"Entomol. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Hamburg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib134","first-page":"45","article-title":"About the presence of the genus Buthus leach, 1815 in the arabian Peninsula and description of a new species (scorpiones, buthidae)","volume":"15","author":"Louren\u00e7o","year":"2008","journal-title":"Entomol. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Hamburg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40409-017-0138-3","article-title":"The evolution and distribution of noxious species of scorpions (Arachnida: scorpiones)","volume":"24","author":"Louren\u00e7o","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Venom. Anim. Toxins Incl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib136","first-page":"77","article-title":"A possible relict population of Mesobuthus (aegaeobuthus?) nigrocinctus (ehrenberg, 1828) in the bishri mountains of Syria (scorpiones: buthidae)","volume":"17","author":"Louren\u00e7o","year":"2020","journal-title":"SERKET"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib137","first-page":"143","article-title":"First record and description of a new species of Leiurus ehrenberg from Kuwait (scorpiones: buthidae)","volume":"17","author":"Louren\u00e7o","year":"2020","journal-title":"SERKET"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0041","article-title":"Why does the number of dangerous species of scorpions increase? The particular case of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg (Buthidae) in Africa","volume":"26","author":"Louren\u00e7o","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Venom. Anim. Toxins Incl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/09397140.2012.10648926","article-title":"Two new species of scorpions from the arabian Peninsula belonging to the genera Butheolus Simon and Compsobuthus Vachon","volume":"55","author":"Louren\u00e7o","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zool. Middle East"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/09397140.2000.10637823","article-title":"Two new species of scorpions (scorpiones, buthidae) of the genus paraorthochirus Louren\u00e7o & Vachon from Oman","volume":"20","author":"Louren\u00e7o","year":"2000","journal-title":"Zool. Middle East"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/09397140.2009.10638335","article-title":"A new species of the genus Buthacus Birula, 1908 from the United Arab Emirates","volume":"46","author":"Louren\u00e7o","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zool. Middle East"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.part.79613","article-title":"Description of a new species of Leiurus ehrenberg, 1828 (scorpiones, buthidae) from the south of Jordan","volume":"109","author":"Louren\u00e7o","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Suisse Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.part.79581","article-title":"Taxonomic consideration of the genus Odontobuthus Vachon (Scorpiones, Buthidae), with description of a new species","volume":"109","author":"Louren\u00e7o","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Suisse Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/09397140.2006.10638152","article-title":"Further considerations on the genus Butheolus Simon, 1882 and description of one new species from Saudi Arabia (Scorpiones: buthidae)","volume":"37","author":"Louren\u00e7o","year":"2006","journal-title":"Zool. Middle East"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/09397140.2007.10638232","article-title":"Description of a new species of the genus Hottentotta birula, 1908 (scorpiones: buthidae) from Iraq","volume":"41","author":"Louren\u00e7o","year":"2007","journal-title":"Zool. Middle East"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib146","first-page":"53","article-title":"About some Compsobuthus Vachon, 1949 from Africa and the Middle East with the description of a new species (scorpiones, buthidae)","volume":"45","author":"Louren\u00e7o","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bol. Soc. Entomol. Aragon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/09397140.2010.10638421","article-title":"Notes on the type material of Compsobuthus acutecarinatus (Simon, 1882) and C. maindroni (Kraepelin, 1900), and description of a new species from United Arab Emirates","volume":"50","author":"Louren\u00e7o","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zool. Middle East"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/09397140.2010.10638395","article-title":"A new species of Buthus Leach, 1815 from Jordan","volume":"49","author":"Louren\u00e7o","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zool. Middle East"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib149","first-page":"1","article-title":"Further considerations on the species of the genus Orthochirus Karsch, 1891 from Africa, with description of three new species (Scorpiones: buthidae)","volume":"123","author":"Louren\u00e7o","year":"2011","journal-title":"Euscorpius"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib150","first-page":"185","article-title":"A new species of Babycurus (Scorpiones: buthidae) from northern Oman","volume":"111","author":"Lowe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Entomol. News"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib151","series-title":"Scorpions 2001. In Memoriam Gary A. Polis. Fet, V. & Selden, P.A. (Eds): 171-177. Burnham Beeches","article-title":"A new species of Compsobuthus Vachon, 1949 from central Oman (scorpiones: buthidae)","author":"Lowe","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18590\/euscorpius.2009.vol2009.iss90.1","article-title":"Two new Hemiscorpius peters, 1861 (scorpiones: Hemiscorpiidae) from northern Oman","volume":"91","author":"Lowe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Euscorpius"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18590\/euscorpius.2009.vol2009.iss90.1","article-title":"A new lithophilic Compsobuthus Vachon, 1949 (scorpiones: buthidae) from northern Oman","volume":"90","author":"Lowe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Euscorpius"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib154","first-page":"1","article-title":"A new species of odontobuthus (scorpiones: buthidae) from northern Oman","volume":"96","author":"Lowe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Euscorpius"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib155","first-page":"1","article-title":"The genus vachoniolus (scorpiones: buthidae) in Oman","volume":"100","author":"Lowe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Euscorpius"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib156","first-page":"1","article-title":"Two new species of Hottentotta birula, 1908 (scorpiones: buthidae) from northern Oman","volume":"103","author":"Lowe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Euscorpius"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib157","first-page":"1","article-title":"New picobuthoid scorpions (scorpiones: buthidae) from Oman","volume":"93","author":"Lowe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Euscorpius"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18590\/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1","article-title":"A review of the genus Leiurus ehrenberg, 1828 (scorpiones: buthidae) with description of four new species from the arabian Peninsula","volume":"91","author":"Lowe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Euscorpius"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib159","first-page":"1","article-title":"The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and xenobuthus gen. Nov. (Scorpiones: buthidae) in Oman","volume":"261","author":"Lowe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Euscorpius"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib233","first-page":"1","article-title":"Review of Microbuthus with description of M. satyrus sp. n. (Scorpiones, Buthidae) from Oman and Yemen","volume":"263","author":"Lowe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Euscorpius"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib160","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trypanothacus gen. n., a new genus of burrowing scorpion from the Arabian Peninsula (Scorpiones: buthidae)","volume":"277","author":"Lowe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Euscorpius"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.26719\/1997.3.1.82","article-title":"Scorpion sting syndrome: epidemiology, clinical presentation and management of 2240 cases","volume":"3","author":"Mahaba","year":"1997","journal-title":"East. Mediterr. Health J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib162","first-page":"315","article-title":"Scorpion sting, is it a health problem in Saudi Arabia? Evaluation and management of 820 cases","volume":"17","author":"Mahaba","year":"1996","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1978.27.623","article-title":"Acute renal failure following scorpion sting","volume":"27","author":"Malhotra","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib164","series-title":"Annual Reports","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1673\/031.013.8901","article-title":"The roles of some scorpions, Hemiscorpius lepturus and Androctonus crassicauda, in a scorpionism focus in Ramhormorz, Southwestern Iran","volume":"13","author":"Mohseni","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Insect Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib166","first-page":"29","article-title":"[Study of human infection with scorpions stings in Basrah province, southern of Iraq]","volume":"43","author":"Morad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Al Basrah Research Journal (Sciences)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib167","first-page":"50","article-title":"Identification study for the scorpion Mesobuthus phillipsii (pocock, 1889) (scorpions: buthidae) from Basrah province, southern Iraq","volume":"43","author":"Morad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Al Basrah Research Journal (Sciences)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib168","series-title":"Scorpiones in Basrah Province Southern of Iraq. Ph. D. Thesis","article-title":"Identification study and some biological aspects of two families from Order","author":"Morad","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2017.1324164","article-title":"The effect of plasmapheresis on treating disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) caused by a Hemiscorpius lepturus (Gadim) sting","volume":"55","author":"Mostafazadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib170","first-page":"405","article-title":"Scorpionism in South Africa. A report of 42 serious scorpion envenomations","volume":"83","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"1993","journal-title":"S. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib171","first-page":"92","article-title":"Scorpion stings in Jordan","volume":"13","author":"Mutair","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bahrain Med. Soc. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0039","article-title":"Scorpion stings in pregnancy: an analysis of outcomes in 66 envenomed pregnant patients in Iran","volume":"26","author":"Najafian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Venom. Anim. Toxins Incl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.1990.383","article-title":"Scorpion sting syndrome in eastern Riyadh","volume":"10","author":"Neale","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. Saudi Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib174","first-page":"453","article-title":"Myocardial and central nervous system involvement in scorpion envenomation by Androctonus bicolor bicolor","volume":"120","author":"Nevo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Harefuah"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2007.04.020","article-title":"Identification of insect-selective and mammal-selective toxins from Parabuthus leiosoma venom","volume":"50","author":"Ochola","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib176","first-page":"414","article-title":"A newly described scorpion species, Leiurus abdul-lahbayrami (Scorpion: buthidae), and the lethal potency and in vivo effects of its venom","volume":"17","author":"Ozkan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Venom. Anim. Toxins Incl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib177","first-page":"109","article-title":"Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Expedition nach Mesopotamien 1910. Scorpiones","volume":"26","author":"Penther","year":"1912","journal-title":"Ann. K.K. Naturhist. Hofmus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2007.07.018","article-title":"An epidemiological and a clinical study on scorpionism by the Iranian scorpion Hemiscorpius lepturus","volume":"50","author":"Pipelzadeh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1080\/00222938909460342","article-title":"Notes on some Buthidae, new and old","volume":"3","author":"Pocock","year":"1889","journal-title":"Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1895.tb03419.x","article-title":"On the Arachnida and Myriopoda obtained by Dr. Anderson\u2019s collector during Mr T. Brent\u2019s expedition to the Hadramaut, South Arabia, with a supplement upon the scorpions obtained by Dr. Anderson in Egypt and the Eastern Soudan","volume":"25","author":"Pocock","year":"1895","journal-title":"J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/00222939908678143","article-title":"Descriptions of some new species of scorpions","volume":"7","author":"Pocock","year":"1899","journal-title":"Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/00222930308678752","article-title":"XXIV.\u2014some arachnida collected by Mr. G. W. Bury in Yemen","volume":"11","author":"Pocock","year":"1903","journal-title":"Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib180","first-page":"73","article-title":"Notes on the scorpions of Iraq","volume":"3","author":"Pringle","year":"1960","journal-title":"Bull. Endem Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1080\/09397140.2013.795070","article-title":"Records of scorpions from the Palestinian Territories, with the first chromosomal data (Arachnida: scorpiones)","volume":"59","author":"Qumsiyeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zool. Middle East"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib182","first-page":"327","article-title":"Clinical-study of hemiscopius-lepturus in Iran","volume":"93","author":"Radmanesh","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.1998.00386.x","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of the Hemiscorpius lepturus sting: a clinical study","volume":"37","author":"Radmanesh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib184","first-page":"9","article-title":"Clinical study of Apistobuthus pterygocercus sting","volume":"6","author":"Radmanesh","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Daru and Darman"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.1993.205","article-title":"Scorpion envenomation in the children of northwestern Saudi Arabia","volume":"13","author":"Rashid","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Saudi Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2020.04.015","article-title":"Comparative assessment of the VH-VL and VL-VH orientations of single-chain variable fragments of scorpion toxin-neutralizing antibodies","volume":"122","author":"Ria\u00f1o-Umbarila","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-017-0469-8","article-title":"Management of scorpion envenoming: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials","volume":"6","author":"Rodrigo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(69)90123-8","article-title":"Note on the \u03b1-hemolytic effect of the venom of the scorpion Nebo hierichonticus","volume":"6","author":"Rosin","year":"1969","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(69)90166-4","article-title":"Effects of the venom of the scorpion Nebo hierichonticus on white mice, other scorpions and paramecia","volume":"7","author":"Rosin","year":"1969","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(69)90167-6","article-title":"Sting of the scorpion Nebo hierichonticus in man","volume":"7","author":"Rosin","year":"1969","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib191","first-page":"18","article-title":"Clinical aspects of scorpion envenomation in children in Aqaba region, south of Jordan","volume":"6","author":"Salaita","year":"2008","journal-title":"Middle East J. Fam. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib192","first-page":"72","article-title":"Appropriate utilization and stocking of antidotes in Qatar public hospitals. Asia Pac","volume":"6","author":"Salem","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib193","first-page":"27","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of scorpionism in Shiraz (2012-2016); development of a clinical severity grading for Iranian scorpion envenomation","volume":"31","author":"Sanaei-Zadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. J. Islam. Repub. Iran"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504\u2010518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2016.08.003","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiological aspects of scorpionism in the world: a systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wilderness Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2010.00601.x","article-title":"Analysis of the pattern of acute poisoning in patients admitted to a Governmental Hospital in Palestine","volume":"107","author":"Sawalha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.05.008","article-title":"Enzymatic analysis of Hemiscorpius lepturus scorpion venom using zymography and venom-specific antivenin","volume":"56","author":"Seyedian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib197","first-page":"1234","article-title":"First report of death due to Hemiscorpius acanthocercus envenomation in Iran: case report","volume":"7","author":"Shahi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electron. Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1331\/JAPhA.2007.07051","article-title":"Treatment of yellow scorpion (Leiurus quinquestriatus) sting: a case report","volume":"47","author":"Shalita","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Pharmaceut. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib199","first-page":"518","article-title":"A novel management method for disseminated intravascular coagulation like syndrome after a sting of Hemiscorpius lepturus: a case series","volume":"28","author":"Shayesteh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib200","first-page":"333","article-title":"Ecology and biology of scorpions in Palmyra, Syria","volume":"35","author":"Shehab","year":"2011","journal-title":"Turk. J. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.172.10.1099","article-title":"Self-reported incidence of snake, spider, and scorpion encounters among deployed U.S. military in Iraq and Afghanistan","volume":"172","author":"Shiau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib202","series-title":"Viaggio ad Assab nel Mar Rosso, dei signori G. Doria ed O. Beccari con il R. Avviso \u201cEsploratore\u201d dal 16 Novembre 1879 al 26 Febbraio 1880. II. Etude sur les Arachnides de l'Yemen m\u00e9ridional","first-page":"207","volume":"18","author":"Simon","year":"1882"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib203","first-page":"80","article-title":"Liste des Arachnides recueillis en Syrie par M. le docteur Th\u00e9od. Barrois","volume":"5","author":"Simon","year":"1892","journal-title":"Revue Biologique du Nord de la France"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib204","series-title":"Descriptions of new and poorly known scorpions of Yemen (scorpiones: buthidae, Diplocentridae, Scorpionidae)","first-page":"3","volume":"14","author":"Sissom","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(91)90045-S","article-title":"Acute pancreatitis in children following envenomation by the yellow scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus","volume":"29","author":"Sofer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib206","first-page":"2","article-title":"Cardiovascular complications of scorpion stings and the effects of antivenom","volume":"10","author":"Soomro","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Saudi Heart Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/09397140.2003.10637995","article-title":"Description of a new scorpion species of the genus Birulatus Vachon, 1974 (scorpiones, buthidae) from Syria","volume":"30","author":"Stathi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Zool. Middle East"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib236","series-title":"Scorpions 2001 \u2013 in memoriam Gary A. Polis","article-title":"New records of scorpions from the central-eastern Mediterranean area: biogeographical comments, with a special reference to the Greek species","author":"Stathi","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib208","series-title":"Natural Emirates","article-title":"Terrestrial arthropods","author":"Tigar","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.05.010","article-title":"Complete neutralization of the lethality of Hemiscorpius lepturus crude venom by a novel anti-recombinant phospholipase D1 IgGs","volume":"183","author":"Torabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib235","first-page":"66","article-title":"Etudes sur les Scorpions. III (suite). Description des Scorpions du Nord de l\u2019Afrique","volume":"27","author":"Vachon","year":"1949","journal-title":"Archives de l\u2019Institut Pasteur d\u2019Alg\u00e9rie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(66)90052-3","article-title":"Liste des Scorpions connus en \u00c9gypte, Arabie, Isra\u00ebl, Liban, Syrie, Jordanie, Turquie, Irak, Iran","volume":"4","author":"Vachon","year":"1966","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib211","first-page":"859","article-title":"\u00c9de scorpions (Arachnides). 1. La trichobothriotaxie en arachnologie. Sigles trichobothriaux et types de trichobothriotaxie chez les scorpions","volume":"140","author":"Vachon","year":"1974","journal-title":"Bull. Mus. natn. Hist, nat. Paris"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib212","first-page":"209","article-title":"Scorpions. The scientific results of the Oman flora and fauna survey 1975","volume":"1","author":"Vachon","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of Oman Studies. Special Report"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib213","series-title":"Arachnids of Saudi Arabia: scorpiones","first-page":"30","volume":"1","author":"Vachon","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib214","series-title":"The Scientific Results of the Oman Flora and Fauna Survey 1977 (Dhofar). Journal of Oman Studies Special Report No. 2","first-page":"251","article-title":"Scorpions du Dhofar","author":"Vachon","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib215","first-page":"91","article-title":"On the taxonomy and distribution of the scorpions of the Middle East","volume":"28","author":"Vachon","year":"1987","journal-title":"Beihefte zum T\u00fcbinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, Reihe A, Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-4065.45293","article-title":"Hemolytic uremic syndrome following Hemiscorpius lepturus (scorpion) sting","volume":"18","author":"Valavi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J. Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib217","first-page":"905","article-title":"Two biological active fractions isolated from Buthotus schach (bs) scorpion venom examined on striated muscle preparation, in-vitro","volume":"11","author":"Vatanpour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res. (IJPR)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib218","first-page":"145","article-title":"Effects of odontobuthus doriae scorpion venom on mouse sciatic nerve","volume":"12","author":"Vatanpour","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res. (IJPR)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib219","first-page":"57","article-title":"Scorpion stings in children","volume":"1","author":"Wahbeh","year":"1965","journal-title":"Jordan Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib220","first-page":"84","article-title":"A study of Jordanian scorpions","volume":"11","author":"Wahbeh","year":"1976","journal-title":"Jordan Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.07.007","article-title":"A global accounting of medically significant scorpions: epidemiology, major toxins, and comparative resources in harmless counterparts","volume":"151","author":"Ward","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib222","first-page":"773","article-title":"Venomous bites and stings in the tropical world","volume":"159","author":"Warrell","year":"1993","journal-title":"MJA (Med. J. Aust.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2015.11.001","article-title":"Venomous animals","volume":"44","author":"Warrell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib224","series-title":"Critical Care Toxicology Brent J. et al.","article-title":"Overview of scorpion envenoming","author":"White","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib225","series-title":"Contributions to the Fauna and Flora of Southwestern Asia. Field, H. (ed.): 76-81. Privately Printed by Henry Field, Coconut Grove, Florida (Miscellanea Asiatica Occidentalis XII, Amer. Document. Inst. Microf.","article-title":"Scorpions from Palestine, Syria, irak and Iran","author":"Whittick","year":"1955"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18590\/euscorpius.2009.vol2009.iss85.1","article-title":"Description of a new species of Leiurus ehrenberg, 1828 (scorpiones: buthidae) from southeastern Turkey","volume":"85","author":"Ya\u011fmur","year":"2009","journal-title":"Euscorpius"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18590\/euscorpius.2013.vol2013.iss159.1","article-title":"Etudes on iurids, VI. Further revision of Calchas Birula, 1899 (Scorpiones: iuridae), with a description of a new genus and two new species","volume":"159","author":"Ya\u011fmur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Euscorpius"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib228","first-page":"238","article-title":"Determination of the median lethal dose and electrophoretic pattern of Hottentotta saulcyi (Scorpiones, Buthidae) scorpion venom","volume":"9","author":"Ya\u011fmur","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Arthropod Borne Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib229","series-title":"The Scorpions of North Syria (Taxonomy-Environment-Distribution). M.Sc. Thesis","first-page":"143","author":"Za\u2019mout","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2015.07.030","article-title":"Unique diversity of the venom peptides from the scorpion Androctonus bicolor revealed by transcriptomic and proteomic analysis","volume":"128","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017_bib231","first-page":"21","article-title":"First record of myrmecophyly in the scorpion Birulatus israelensis (Scorpiones: buthidae)","volume":"54","author":"Zvik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arachnol. Mittl."}],"container-title":["Toxicon"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0041010120309703?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0041010120309703?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T21:17:19Z","timestamp":1758575839000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0041010120309703"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"references-count":238,"alternative-id":["S0041010120309703"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0041-0101"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0041-0101","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Scorpions and scorpion sting envenoming (scorpionism) in the Arab Countries of the Middle East","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Toxicon","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Crown Copyright \u00a9 2021 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}