{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T05:16:30Z","timestamp":1785474990109,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]],"date-time":"2010-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1283299200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxicology Letters"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,28]],"date-time":"2010-04-28T09:04:05Z","timestamp":1272445445000},"page":"33-39","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Chronic renal failure in Sri Lanka caused by elevated dietary cadmium: Trojan horse of the green revolution"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"198","author":[{"given":"J.M.R.S.","family":"Bandara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.V.P.","family":"Wijewardena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Liyanege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.A.","family":"Upul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.M.U.A.","family":"Bandara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib1","series-title":"Renal Failure: Diagnosis & Treatment","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib2","first-page":"151","article-title":"Epidemiology of renal tubular dysfunction in the inhabitants of a cadmium-polluted area in the Jinzu River basin in Toyama Prefecture, Tohoku","volume":"152","author":"Aoshima","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib3","unstructured":"Ariyasinghe, D.S.C.L., 2007. Potential microbial intervention in increasing Cd content in water through reservoir sediments. B.Sc. Agric. Dissertation submitted to the University of Peradeniya."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.4038\/cmj.v54i1.471","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in two tertiary care hospitals: high proportion of cases with uncertain etiology","volume":"54","author":"Athuraliya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ceylon Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib5","series-title":"Base Line Study on Early Renal Disease in NCP. Research Report","author":"Athuraliya","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112462","article-title":"A nationwide survey of heavy metal absorption in children living near primary copper, lead and zinc smelters","volume":"106","author":"Baker","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib7","unstructured":"Bandara, J.M.R.S., 2007. Nature farming. Integration of traditional knowledge systems with modern farming in rice. COMPAS (Ed.), Series on Worldviews and Sciences, No. 6, 66 p ETC\/COMPAS. Leusden, www.compasnet.org\/publications_2.html and www.compasnet.org\/..\/Nature%20Farming%20%208-10.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-007-9129-6","article-title":"Chronic renal failure among farm families in cascade irrigation systems in Sri Lanka associated with elevated dietary cadmium levels in rice and freshwater fish (Tilapia)","volume":"30","author":"Bandara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib9","unstructured":"Bandara, J.M.R.S., Wijewardena, H.V.P., Bandara, Y.M.A.Y., Jayasooriya, R.G.P.T., Rajapaksha, H., submitted for publication. Pollution of River Mahaweli and the farm lands under irrigation with cadmium through agricultural inputs leading to chronic renal failure epidemic among the farmers in NCP of Sri Lanka. Environ. Geochem. Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq1983.00472425001200010003x","article-title":"A proposal for estimation of soil leaching and leaching constants for use in assessment models","volume":"12","author":"Bates","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2009.24.S1.S3","article-title":"Asian leadership in chronic kidney disease","volume":"24","author":"Becker","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib12","first-page":"45","article-title":"Renal tubular acidosis in Papua New Guinea","volume":"37","author":"Brown","year":"1994","journal-title":"P. N. G. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib13","series-title":"Joint FAO\/WHO Food Standards Programme","author":"Codex Alimentarius Commission","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib14","series-title":"The Hydrogeochemical Atlas of Sri Lanka","author":"Dissanayake","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.1998.tb00365.x","article-title":"Tropical plant-associated nephropathy","volume":"4","author":"Eiam-Ong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nephrology (Carlton)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib16","series-title":"Appendix A. Nutrition and Related Indicators in South Asia","author":"FAO","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib17","first-page":"130","volume":"vol. II","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2004.00930.x","article-title":"Bladder cancer in Sri Lanka: experience from a tertiary referral center","volume":"11","author":"Goonewardena","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib19","series-title":"Help Treat Chronic Renal Failure in Sri Lanka. An Appeal by Sri-Lankan Physicians","author":"Gunewardena","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib20","article-title":"Feeding of infants and children","volume":"vol. 1","author":"Heird","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550150209","article-title":"Dose response relationship between total cadmium intake and prevalence of renal dysfunction using general linear models","volume":"15","author":"Hochi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-006-0093-1","article-title":"Cadmium and cisplatin damage erythropoietin-producing proximal renal tubular cells","volume":"80","author":"Horiguchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdp.2006.12.001","article-title":"Blood cadmium may be associated with bladder carcinogenesis: the Belgian case-control study on bladder cancer","volume":"31","author":"Kellen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Detec. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib24","series-title":"Agro Well and Pump Diffusion in the Dryzone of Sri Lanka. Past Trends, Present Status and Future Prospects, Research Report 66","isbn-type":"print","author":"Kikuchi","year":"2003","ISBN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/isbn\/9290905077"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1080\/00103620600822986","article-title":"Study of the transfer coefficient of cadmium and lead in ryegrass and lettuce","volume":"37","author":"Lehoczky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(96)00142-X","article-title":"Downward movement of cadmium and phosphorous from phosphate fertilizer in a pasture soil in New Zealand","volume":"95","author":"Loganathan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.2001.4248","article-title":"A retrospective study on the relation between renal dysfunction and cadmium concentration in rice in individual hamlets in the Jinzu River basin, Toyama Prefecture, Japan","volume":"86","author":"Osawa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib28","unstructured":"Premarathne, H.M.P.L., 2006. Soil and Crop Contamination by Toxic Trace Elements. Ph.D. Thesis. Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib29","first-page":"93","article-title":"Accumulation of cadmium in intensive vegetable growing soils in the up-country","volume":"17","author":"Premarathne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trop. Agric. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901234","article-title":"Cadmium, environmental exposure, and health outcomes","volume":"118","author":"Satarug","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114500002403","article-title":"Safe levels of cadmium intake to prevent toxicity in human subjects: review Article","volume":"84","author":"Satarug","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6751","article-title":"Adverse health effect of chronic exposure to low level cadmium in foodstuffs and cigarette smoke","volume":"112","author":"Satarug","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfh086","article-title":"Inorganic cadmium- and arsenite-induced malignant transformation of human bladder urothelial cells","volume":"79","author":"Sens","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(77)90021-4","article-title":"Urine analysis for detection of cadmium-induced renal changes, with special reference to \u03b22-microglobulin","volume":"13","author":"Shimada","year":"1977","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-005-7857-z","article-title":"Elevated levels of cadmium and zinc in paddy soils and elevated levels of cadmium in rice grain downstream of a zinc mineralized area in Thailand. Implication for public health","volume":"27","author":"Simmons","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfl108","article-title":"Urothelial cells malignantly transformed by exposure to cadmium (Cd2+) and arsenite (As3+) have increased resistance to Cd2+ and As3+-induced cell death","volume":"94","author":"Somji","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00373398","article-title":"Urinary metallothionein as a new index of renal dysfunction in \u201cIti-itai\u201d disease patients and other Japanese women environmentally exposed to cadmium","volume":"50","author":"Tohyama","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib38","unstructured":"Turnour, G., 1837. English translation of Pali version of Mahawamsa by Mahathera Mahanama (Mahawamsa Chapter 1\u201337, Ancient Historic Chronicle of Sri Lanka from 543 B.C. to A.D. 1758) Government of Ceylon, Sri Lanka. http:\/\/mahavamsa.org\/mahavamsa\/original-version and http:\/\/lakdiva.org\/mahavamsa\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1159\/000045269","article-title":"Isolation of a coronavirus from kidney biopsies of endemic Balkan Nephropathy patients","volume":"81","author":"Uzelac-Keserovi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1159\/000189449","article-title":"The spectrum of endemic renal tubular acidosis in the northeast of Thailand","volume":"74","author":"Vasuvattakul","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.05.006","article-title":"Chronic renal failure in North Central Province of Sri Lanka: an environmentally induced disease","volume":"101","author":"Wanigasuriya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(01)00557-1","article-title":"Relationship between cadmium concentration in rice and renal dysfunction in individual subjects of the Jinzu River basin determined using a logistic regression analysis","volume":"172","author":"Watanabe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib43","series-title":"Tobacco or Health: A Global Status Report","author":"WHO","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016_bib44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cadmium pollution in perspective","volume":"19","author":"Yamagata","year":"1970","journal-title":"Bull. Inst. Public Health"}],"container-title":["Toxicology Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378427410014682?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378427410014682?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T16:12:39Z","timestamp":1559059959000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378427410014682"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0378427410014682"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.04.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-4274"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-4274","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]}}}