{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T22:55:29Z","timestamp":1791068129066,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]],"date-time":"2013-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1364774400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxicology Letters"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,20]],"date-time":"2013-02-20T22:52:08Z","timestamp":1361400728000},"page":"260-265","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Effect of chronic heroin and cocaine administration on global DNA methylation in brain and liver"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"218","author":[{"given":"Domniki","family":"Fragou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panos","family":"Zanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Kouidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Njau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Kitchen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leda","family":"Kovatsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2450","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.128","article-title":"DNA methylation regulates cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization in mice","volume":"35","author":"Anier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.20436","article-title":"Downregulation of kappa-opioid receptors in basolateral amygdala and septum of rats withdrawn for 14 days from an escalating dose binge\u201d cocaine administration paradigm","volume":"61","author":"Bailey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.20168","article-title":"Persistent upregulation of mu-opioid, but not adenosine, receptors in brains of long-term withdrawn escalating dose binge\u201d cocaine-treated rats","volume":"57","author":"Bailey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2010.07104.x","article-title":"Mouse strain differences in locomotor, sensitisation and rewarding effect of heroin; association with alterations in MOP-r activation and dopamine transporter binding","volume":"31","author":"Bailey","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06369.x","article-title":"Decrease of D2 receptor binding but increase in D2-stimulated G-protein activation, dopamine transporter binding and behavioural sensitization in brains of mice treated with a chronic escalating dose \u2018binge\u2019 cocaine administration paradigm","volume":"28","author":"Bailey","year":"2008","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbrainres.2005.02.017","article-title":"Immediate withdrawal from chronic binge\u201d cocaine administration increases mu-opioid receptor mRNA levels in rat frontal cortex","volume":"137","author":"Bailey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2010.02.014","article-title":"CDKL5 is a brain MeCP2 target gene regulated by DNA methylation","volume":"38","author":"Carouge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2011.10.020","article-title":"Gene expression and epigenetic changes by furan in rat liver","volume":"292","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2011.02.013","article-title":"Advances in DNA methylation: 5-hydroxymethylcytosine revisited","volume":"412","author":"Dahl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinica Chimica Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0050","series-title":"Data for Biochemical Research","author":"Dawson","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.3109\/15376516.2011.557878","article-title":"Epigenetic mechanisms in metal toxicity","volume":"21","author":"Fragou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2008.02.026","article-title":"Oxidative stress, DNA methylation and carcinogenesis","volume":"266","author":"Franco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Letters"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2662","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.10.16.17093","article-title":"Emerging roles of TET proteins and 5-hydroxymethylcytosines in active DNA demethylation and beyond","volume":"10","author":"Guo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.108.074690","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: the epigenetic perspective","volume":"81","author":"Haycock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biology of Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2008.10.005","article-title":"Unraveling the molecular mechanisms of alcohol dependence","volume":"25","author":"Kalsi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends in Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-8794-5-5","article-title":"Global analysis of DNA methylation in early-stage liver fibrosis","volume":"5","author":"Komatsu","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Medicine Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.2174\/138527210793351517","article-title":"Seeking the 5th Base of DNA using chromatographic methods of analysis","volume":"14","author":"Kouidou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Current Organic Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.2174\/092986711795496836","article-title":"Drugs of abuse: epigenetic mechanisms in toxicity and addiction","volume":"18","author":"Kovatsi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Current Medicinal Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.4155\/bio.11.335","article-title":"Evaluation of 5-methyl-2\u2032-deoxycytidine stability in hydrolyzed and nonhydrolyzed DNA by HPLC-UV","volume":"4","author":"Kovatsi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioanalysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd897","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy of addictions","volume":"1","author":"Kreek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Drug Discovery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2619","article-title":"Dnmt3a regulates emotional behavior and spine plasticity in the nucleus accumbens","volume":"13","author":"LaPlant","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-10-1010","article-title":"Hypoxia induces genomic DNA demethylation through the activation of HIF-1alpha and transcriptional upregulation of MAT2A in hepatoma cells","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Molecular Cancer Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473710801010047","article-title":"Alterations in homocysteine metabolism among alcohol dependent patients\u2013clinical, pathobiochemical and genetic aspects","volume":"1","author":"Lutz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Current Drug Abuse Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2012.07.063","article-title":"Triclosan reduces the levels of global DNA methylation in HepG2 cells","volume":"90","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-009-9224-3","article-title":"Epigenetic mechanisms underlying extinction of memory and drug-seeking behavior","volume":"20","author":"Malvaez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mammalian Genome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-010-0099-5","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation in substance use disorders","volume":"12","author":"McQuown","year":"2010","journal-title":"Current Psychiatry Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medici, V., Shibata, N.M., Kharbanda, K.K., Lasalle, J.M., Woods, R., Liu, S., Engelberg, J.A., Devaraj, S., Torok, N.J., Jiang, J.X., Havel, P.J., Lonnerdal, B., Kim, K., Halsted, C.H., 2012. Wilson disease: Changes in methionine metabolism and inflammation affect global DNA methylation in early liver disease. Hepatology Sep 4. doi: 10.1002\/hep.26047. [Epub ahead of print].","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26047"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.004","article-title":"Direct effect of cocaine on epigenetic regulation of PKCepsilon gene repression in the fetal rat heart","volume":"47","author":"Meyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.104.066548","article-title":"In vivo regulation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation by acute and chronic morphine","volume":"310","author":"Muller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3245","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0067","article-title":"Review. Transcriptional mechanisms of addiction: role of DeltaFosB","volume":"363","author":"Nestler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.108","article-title":"Increased OPRM1 DNA methylation in lymphocytes of methadone-maintained former heroin addicts","volume":"34","author":"Nielsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1919","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001919","article-title":"Maternal cocaine administration in mice alters DNA methylation and gene expression in hippocampal neurons of neonatal and prepubertal offspring","volume":"3","author":"Novikova","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2008.06.004","article-title":"Epigenetic mechanisms in drug addiction","volume":"14","author":"Renthal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends in Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2009.11.3\/wrenthal","article-title":"Chromatin regulation in drug addiction and depression","volume":"11","author":"Renthal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dialogues Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.04.018","article-title":"Steady-dose and escalating-dose binge\u201d administration of cocaine alter expression of behavioral stereotypy and striatal preprodynorphin mRNA levels in rats","volume":"67","author":"Schlussman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Research Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-2-37","article-title":"Haloperidol treatment induces tissue- and sex-specific changes in DNA methylation: a control study using rats","volume":"2","author":"Shimabukuro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Function"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(94)00176-G","article-title":"Modulation of drug-induced sensitization processes by endogenous opioid systems","volume":"70","author":"Spanagel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-007-9042-4","article-title":"Epigenetic reprogramming and imprinting in origins of disease","volume":"8","author":"Tang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2011.10.011","article-title":"MeCP2 controls the expression of RASAL1 in the hepatic fibrosis in rats","volume":"290","author":"Tao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19862","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019862","article-title":"Methylation profile of single hepatocytes derived from hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"6","author":"Tao","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2012.03.003","article-title":"Perfluorooctanoic acid induces gene promoter hypermethylation of glutathione-S-transferase Pi in human liver L02 cells","volume":"296","author":"Tian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33435","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033435","article-title":"Reversal of cocaine-conditioned place preference through methyl supplementation in mice: altering global DNA methylation in the prefrontal cortex","volume":"7","author":"Tian","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2132","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation in psychiatric disorders","volume":"8","author":"Tsankova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7670","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-23-07670.1996","article-title":"Effects of binge pattern cocaine administration on dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the rat brain: an in vivo study using positron emission tomography","volume":"16","author":"Tsukada","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.2008.00320.x","article-title":"Organ and gestational age effects of maternal nutrient restriction on global methylation in fetal baboons","volume":"38","author":"Unterberger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Primatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33853","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033853","article-title":"Low-dose Cd induces hepatic gene hypermethylation, along with the persistent reduction of cell death and increase of cell proliferation in rats and mice","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.01952.x","article-title":"The endogenous opioid system in cocaine addiction: what lessons have opioid peptide and receptor knockout mice taught us?","volume":"166","author":"Yoo","year":"2012","journal-title":"British Journal de Pharmacologie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(98)00155-5","article-title":"Acute binge\u201d cocaine increases mu-opioid receptor mRNA levels in areas of the rat mesolimbic mesocortical dopamine system","volume":"48","author":"Yuferov","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Research Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.106.032011","article-title":"Maternal cocaine administration causes an epigenetic modification of protein kinase Cepsilon gene expression in fetal rat heart","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Molecular Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.108.072983","article-title":"Fetal exposure to cocaine causes programming of Prkce gene repression in the left ventricle of adult rat offspring","volume":"80","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biology of Reproduction"}],"container-title":["Toxicology Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378427413000441?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378427413000441?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T03:02:40Z","timestamp":1644375760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378427413000441"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0378427413000441"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.022","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-4274"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-4274","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]}}}