{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:13:42Z","timestamp":1786997622697,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,1]],"date-time":"2018-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527811200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,1]],"date-time":"2018-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527811200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,1]],"date-time":"2018-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527811200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,1]],"date-time":"2018-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527811200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,1]],"date-time":"2018-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527811200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,1]],"date-time":"2018-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527811200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010200","name":"U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-14-C-0085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-14-C-0085"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicology Letters"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,21]],"date-time":"2018-03-21T19:35:58Z","timestamp":1521660958000},"page":"145-152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Assessment of N-acetylcysteine as a therapy for phosgene-induced acute lung injury"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"290","author":[{"given":"Rachel","family":"Rendell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Fairhall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Rutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippa","family":"Auton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosi","family":"Perrott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bronwen","family":"Jugg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(89)90066-X","article-title":"The antioxidant action of N-acetylcysteine \u2013 its reaction with hydrogen-peroxide, hydroxyl radical, superoxide, and hypochlorous acid","volume":"6","author":"Aruoma","year":"1989","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0010","first-page":"Cd003328","article-title":"Interventions for paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose","author":"Brok","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.857","article-title":"Pathophysiological responses following phosgene exposure in the anaesthetized pig","volume":"22","author":"Brown","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-100102453","article-title":"Oral or intravenous N-acetylcysteine: which is the treatment of choice for acetaminophen (paracetamol) poisoning?","volume":"37","author":"Buckley","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1998.9697","article-title":"Glutathione downregulates the phosphorylation of I kappa B: Autoloop regulation of the NF-kappa B-mediated expression of NF-kappa B subunits by TNF-alpha in mouse vascular endothelial cells","volume":"253","author":"Cho","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0030","series-title":"Oxygen Transport: Principles and Practice","author":"Edwards","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2011-0196OC","article-title":"Post-exposure antioxidant treatment in rats decreases airway hyperplasia and hyperreactivity due to chlorine inhalation","volume":"46","author":"Fanucchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/S0954-6111(98)90506-6","article-title":"Characterization of N-acetylcysteine and ambroxol in anti-oxidant therapy","volume":"92","author":"Gillissen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0045","article-title":"Continuous positive airway pressure: an early intervention to prevent phosgene-induced acute lung injury","author":"Graham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tox Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2010.506877","article-title":"Management of phosgene-induced acute lung injury","volume":"48","author":"Grainge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-155-02-05","article-title":"Early treatment with nebulised salbutamol worsens physiological measures and does not improve survival following phosgene induced acute lung injury","volume":"155","author":"Grainge","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. R. Army Med. Corps"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-156-04-09","article-title":"Furosemide in the treatment of phosgene induced acute lung injury","volume":"156","author":"Grainge","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. R. Army Med. Corps"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.3109\/08958370903571831","article-title":"Delayed low-dose supplemental oxygen improves survival following phosgene-induced acute lung injury","volume":"22","author":"Grainge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2011.3994","article-title":"Ethyl pyruvate induces heme oxygenase-1 through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by depletion of glutathione in RAW 264.7 cells and improves survival in septic animals","volume":"17","author":"Jang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(91)90176-5","article-title":"Effects of inhaled phosgene on rat lung antioxidant systems","volume":"17","author":"Jaskot","year":"1991","journal-title":"Fundam. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.3109\/08958370903525183","article-title":"N-acetylcysteine attenuates phosgene-induced acute lung injury via up-regulation of Nrf2 expression","volume":"22","author":"Ji","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2013.780208","article-title":"N-acetyl-L-cysteine protects against inhaled sulfur mustard poisoning in the large swine","volume":"51","author":"Jugg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0090","first-page":"117","article-title":"Toxicology and treatment of phosgene induced lung injury","volume":"vol. 1","author":"Jugg","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2006.04320.x","article-title":"n-Acetylcysteine abrogates acute lung injury induced by endotoxin","volume":"33","author":"Kao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719401301106","article-title":"Thiol levels in rat bronchio-alveolar lavage fluid after administration of cysteine esters","volume":"13","author":"Lailey","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(91)90391-H","article-title":"Protection by cysteine esters against chemically induced pulmonary oedema","volume":"42","author":"Lailey","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2011.618849","article-title":"Inhaled nitric oxide aggravates phosgene model of acute lung injury","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfs317","article-title":"Novel insights into phosgene-induced acute lung injury in rats: role of dysregulated cardiopulmonary reflexes and nitric oxide in lung edema pathogenesis","volume":"131","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2013.11.005","article-title":"Single high-dose dexamethasone and sodium salicylate failed to attenuate phosgene-induced acute lung injury in rats","volume":"315","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2014.06.011","article-title":"Corticosteroids found ineffective for phosgene-induced acute lung injury in rats","volume":"229","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0130","series-title":"Phosgene. Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment","first-page":"p. 185","author":"Marrs","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.10.003","article-title":"Antioxidants as potential medical countermeasures for chemical warfare agents and toxic industrial chemicals","volume":"100","author":"McElroy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2008.09.013","article-title":"The role of glutathione-S-transferase polymorphisms on clinical outcome of ALI\/ARDS patient treated with N-acetylcysteine","volume":"103","author":"Moradi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01061422","article-title":"Pharmacolinetics and bioavailability of reduced and oxidised N-acetylcysteine","volume":"34","author":"Olsson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.172.3.295","article-title":"Protective ventilation strategies in the management of phosgene-induced acute lung injury","volume":"172","author":"Parkhouse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2010.541951","article-title":"Attempts to counteract phosgene-induced acute lung injury by instant high-dose aerosol exposure to hexamethylenetetramine, cysteine or glutathione","volume":"23","author":"Pauluhn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0160","first-page":"329","article-title":"The mechanism of action of phosgene and diphosgene","volume":"24","author":"Potts","year":"1949","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6198.1097","article-title":"Intravenous N-acetylcystine: the treatment of choice for paracetamol poisoning","volume":"2","author":"Prescott","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/151.3_Pt_1.768","article-title":"Protective effects of N-acetylcysteine treatment after phosgene exposure in rabbits","volume":"151","author":"Sciuto","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1021\/tx050126f","article-title":"Genomic analysis of murine pulmonary tissue following carbonyl chloride inhalation","volume":"18","author":"Sciuto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.208","article-title":"N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in neurological disorders: mechanisms of action and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"4","author":"Shahripour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-09-00050","article-title":"The effect of steroid treatment with inhaled budesonide or intravenous methylprednisolone on phosgene-induced acute lung injury in a porcine model","volume":"174","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2011.10.001","article-title":"Mechanism of acute lung injury due to phosgene exposition and its protection by cafeic acid phenethyl ester in the rat","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2014.12.008","article-title":"N-acetylcysteine improves the effects of corticosteroids in a mouse model of chlorine-induced acute lung injury","volume":"238","author":"Wigenstam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2010-0432OC","article-title":"Ascorbate and deferoxamine administration after chlorine exposure decrease mortality and lung injury in mice","volume":"45","author":"Zarogiannis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."}],"container-title":["Toxicology Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378427418301127?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378427418301127?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]],"date-time":"2024-04-06T18:06:33Z","timestamp":1712426793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378427418301127"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S0378427418301127"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-4274"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-4274","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Assessment of N-acetylcysteine as a therapy for phosgene-induced acute lung injury","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Toxicology Letters","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.03.025","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Crown Copyright \u00a9 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}