{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T00:17:09Z","timestamp":1769300229188,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicology Letters"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]],"date-time":"2019-09-24T11:19:57Z","timestamp":1569323997000},"page":"53-58","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Designing traceable opioid material\u00a7 kits to improve laboratory testing during the U.S. opioid overdose crisis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"317","author":[{"given":"Mike A.","family":"Mojica","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8530-0795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa D.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samantha L.","family":"Isenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James L.","family":"Pirkle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth I.","family":"Hamelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5257-1329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca L.","family":"Shaner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Seymour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cody I.","family":"Sheppard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grant T.","family":"Baldwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rudolph C.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/57.10.943","article-title":"Efficacy of the extradural administration of lofentanil, buprenorphine or saline in the management of postoperative pain. A double-blind study","volume":"57","author":"Bilsback","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867304666220313115017","article-title":"Ohmefentanyl and its stereoisomers: chemistry and pharmacology","volume":"4","author":"Brine","year":"1997","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0015","first-page":"605","volume":"Vol. 40","author":"Casy","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0020","series-title":"Fentanyl Analog Screening Kits","author":"Cayman","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0025","series-title":"CDC Opioids Portal","author":"CDC","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0030","series-title":"Traceable Opioid Material Kits to Improve Laboratory Detection of Synthetic Opioids in the U.S","author":"CDC","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0035","series-title":"Opioid Certified Reference Material Kits","author":"Cerilliant","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.06.004","article-title":"Heroin uncertainties: exploring users\u2019 perceptions of fentanyl-adulterated and -substituted \u2018heroin\u2019","volume":"46","author":"Ciccarone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0045","series-title":"Drug Enforcement Agency, 2016 Annual Emerging Threat Report","author":"DEA","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0050","series-title":"Drug Enforcement Agency, 2018 Annual Emerging Threat Report","author":"DEA","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0055","series-title":"Drug Enforcement Agency, 2018 Emerging Threat Report (mid-year)","author":"DEA","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0060","series-title":"Drug Enforcement Agency, 2018 National Drug Threat Assessment","author":"DEA","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0065","series-title":"Department of Justice U.S. Attorney\u2019s Office Western District of Pennsylvania, Euclid, Ohio, Man Pleads Guilty to Distribution of Fentanyl That He Ordered From China and Sold Domestically, Including in Western PA","author":"DOJ","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1984","article-title":"The first reported fatality associated with the synthetic opioid 3,4-dichloro-N-[2-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]-N-methylbenzamide (U-47700) and implications for forensic analysis","volume":"8","author":"Elliott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0075","series-title":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Fentanyl Drug Profile","author":"EMCDDA","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0080","series-title":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addicition, Europol Joint Report on a New Psychoactive Substance: 2-methoxy-N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]acetamide (methoxyacetylfentanyl)","author":"EMCDDA","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0085","series-title":"Determination That a Public Health Emergency Exists, HHS 10\/26\/2017","author":"Hargan","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0090","first-page":"1","volume":"Vol. 67","author":"Hedegaard","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0095","series-title":"Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 1999\u20132017. NCHS Data Brief","first-page":"1","author":"Hedegaard","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0100","first-page":"26","article-title":"Studies on 1-(2-phenethyl)-4-(N-propionylanilino)piperidine (fentanyl) and its related compounds. VI. Structure\u2013analgesic activity relationship for fentanyl, methyl-substituted fentanyls and other analogues","author":"Higashikawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Forensic Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1982.tb01765.x","article-title":"Potent, new analgesics, tailor-made for different purposes","volume":"26","author":"Janssen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00132a007","article-title":"4-Phenyl- and 4-heteroaryl-4-anilidopiperidines. A novel class of analgesic and anesthetic agents","volume":"32","author":"Kudzma","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(92)90685-W","article-title":"Pharmacological profiles of fentanyl analogs at mu, delta and kappa opiate receptors","volume":"213","author":"Maguire","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetlet.2010.03.120","article-title":"Ugi reaction for the synthesis of 4-aminopiperidine-4-carboxylic acid derivatives. Application to the synthesis of carfentanil and remifentanil","volume":"51","author":"Malaquin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4303","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b04434","article-title":"Chemical attribution of fentanyl using multivariate statistical analysis of orthogonal mass spectral data","volume":"88","author":"Mayer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0130","series-title":"National Forensic Laboratory Information System, 2010 Annual Report","author":"NFLIS","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0135","series-title":"National Forensic Laboratory Information System, 2011 Annual Report","author":"NFLIS","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0140","series-title":"National Forensic Laboratory Information System, 2012 Annual Report","author":"NFLIS","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0145","series-title":"National Forensic Laboratory Information System, 2013 Annual Report","author":"NFLIS","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0150","series-title":"National Forensic Laboratory Information System, 2014 Annual Report","author":"NFLIS","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0155","series-title":"National Forensic Laboratory Information System, 2015 Annual Report","author":"NFLIS","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0160","series-title":"National Forensic Laboratory Information System, 2016 Annual Report","author":"NFLIS","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0165","series-title":"National Forensic Laboratory Information System, 2017 Annual Report","author":"NFLIS","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0170","series-title":"National Forensic Laboratory Information System Brief: Fentanyl and Fentanyl-Related Substances Reported in NFLIS, 2015\u20132016","author":"NFLIS","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6643e1","article-title":"Deaths involving fentanyl, fentanyl analogs, and U-47700-10 states, July-December 2016","volume":"66","author":"O\u2019Donnell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Rep. Surveill. Summ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0180","first-page":"61","volume":"Vol. 27","author":"Schmitz","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0185","first-page":"1419","article-title":"Drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths \u2014 united States, 2013\u20132017","volume":"67","author":"Scholl","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0190","series-title":"Cost of Pivaloyl Chloride (trimethylacetyl Chloride) in Sigma-Aldrich Catalog","author":"Sigma-Aldrich","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0195","series-title":"Cost of Propionyl Chloride in Sigma-Aldrich Catalog","author":"Sigma-Aldrich","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0200","first-page":"339","volume":"Vol. 130","author":"Slavova","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e108250","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108250","article-title":"An efficient, optimized synthesis of fentanyl and related analogs","volume":"9","author":"Valdez","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0210","first-page":"1521","article-title":"Synthetic analgesics: N (1 [2 arylethyl] 4 substituted 4 piperidinyl) N arylalkanamides","volume":"26","author":"van Daele","year":"1976","journal-title":"ArzneimittelForschung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2016.03.002","article-title":"Drugs, devices, and the FDA: part 1: an overview of approval processes for drugs","volume":"1","author":"Van Norman","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017_bib0220","first-page":"1","volume":"Vol. 65","author":"Warner","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["Toxicology Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378427419302887?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378427419302887?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T05:16:54Z","timestamp":1759900614000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378427419302887"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S0378427419302887"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-4274"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-4274","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Designing traceable opioid material\u00a7 kits to improve laboratory testing during the U.S. opioid overdose crisis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Toxicology Letters","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.017","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}