{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T05:08:38Z","timestamp":1788671318926,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicology Letters"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]],"date-time":"2021-01-23T04:29:41Z","timestamp":1611376181000},"page":"33-42","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Dose-dependent emergence of acute and recurrent corneal lesions in sulfur mustard-exposed rabbit eyes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"341","author":[{"given":"Patrick M.","family":"McNutt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle E.M.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber C.","family":"Altvater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marian R.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan E.","family":"Lyman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthieu T.","family":"Conroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celinia A.","family":"Ondeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Skylar M.L.","family":"Bodt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Wolfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise M.","family":"Kniffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole B.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracey A.","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8193","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8047","article-title":"Histological and confocal microscopy changes in chronic corneal edema: implications for endothelial transplantation","volume":"52","author":"Alomar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1081\/CUS-120026300","article-title":"The distribution kinetics of topical 14C\u2010sulfur mustard in rabbit ocular tissues and the effect of acetylcysteine","volume":"22","author":"Amir","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Cutaneous Ocul. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0015","first-page":"389","article-title":"Radio-autographic studies of the distribution of lewisite and mustard gas in skin and eye tissues","volume":"23","author":"Axelrod","year":"1947","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-8206.2005.00325.x","article-title":"The pharmacology, toxicology, and medical treatment of sulphur mustard poisoning","volume":"19","author":"Balali-Mood","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2006.pto_429.x","article-title":"Comparison of early and late toxic effects of sulfur mustard in Iranian veterans","volume":"99","author":"Balali-Mood","year":"2006","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2011.06.004","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms underlying the corneal endothelial pump","volume":"95","author":"Bonanno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1021\/je060077o","article-title":"Vapor pressure of solid bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide","volume":"51","author":"Buchanan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1990.01070070051034","article-title":"Wound healing after excimer laser keratomileusis (photorefractive keratectomy) in monkeys","volume":"108","author":"Fantes","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1973.sp010325","article-title":"Wave-length dependencies of light scattering in normal and cold swollen rabbit corneas and their structural implications","volume":"233","author":"Farrell","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0050","series-title":"Chemical Warfare Agents and Related Chemical Problems","article-title":"Mustard gas and other sulfur mustards","author":"Gates","year":"1946"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0055","series-title":"Mustard Gas and Other Sulphur Mustards","first-page":"30","author":"Gates","year":"1946"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.03.010","article-title":"Successful single treatment with ziv-aflibercept for existing corneal neovascularization following ocular chemical insult in the rabbit model","volume":"171","author":"Gore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13121","article-title":"Corneal toxicity induced by vesicating agents and effective treatment options","volume":"1374","author":"Goswami","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0070","series-title":"The Effect of Mustard Gas Vapour on the Eyes. Porton Down Report No. 2297","author":"Guild","year":"1941"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(66)80010-6","article-title":"The thickness-hydration relationship of the cornea","volume":"5","author":"Hedbys","year":"1966","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0080","first-page":"436","article-title":"Incidence of spontaneous ocular lesions in laboratory rabbits","volume":"61","author":"Holve","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051740104","article-title":"Cell movements in a living mammalian tissue: long-term observation of individual cells in wounded corneal endothelia of cats","volume":"174","author":"Honda","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.08.008","article-title":"Differential expression of corneal and limbal cytokines and chemokines throughout the clinical course of sulfur mustard induced ocular injury in the rabbit model","volume":"177","author":"Horwitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0095","first-page":"91","volume":"vol. I","author":"Hughes","year":"1945"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181ca324c","article-title":"Confocal microscopy in chronic and delayed mustard gas keratopathy","volume":"29","author":"Jafarinasab","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.09.027","article-title":"Chronic and delayed-onset mustard gas keratitis: report of 48 patients and review of literature","volume":"112","author":"Javadi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181334752","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of penetrating keratoplasty in chronic and delayed mustard gas keratitis","volume":"26","author":"Javadi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(02)00065-4","article-title":"Proliferative capacity of the corneal endothelium","volume":"22","author":"Joyce","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.22.1.42.6975","article-title":"Characterization of acute and delayed ocular lesions induced by sulfur mustard in rabbits","volume":"22","author":"Kadar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1177\/112067211002000505","article-title":"Chronic and delayed mustard gas keratopathy: a histopathologic and immunohistochemical study","volume":"20","author":"Kanavi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0130","series-title":"Chemical Warfare Agents and Related Chemical Problems, Chapter 22. Office of Scientific Research and Development","author":"Kirner","year":"1946"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10259","DOI":"10.1021\/es5029074","article-title":"Correlation of chemical evaporation rate with vapor pressure","volume":"48","author":"Mackay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0140","first-page":"229","article-title":"A study of mustard gas lesions of the eyes of rabbits and men","volume":"35","author":"Mann","year":"1942","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0B013E31823D02CD","article-title":"Pathogenesis of acute and delayed corneal lesions after ocular exposure to sulfur mustard vapor","volume":"31","author":"McNutt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042837","article-title":"Architectural and biochemical expressions of mustard gas keratopathy: preclinical indicators and pathogenic mechanisms","volume":"7","author":"McNutt","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6735","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12402","article-title":"Structural, morphological, and functional correlates of corneal endothelial toxicity following corneal exposure to sulfur mustard vapor","volume":"54","author":"McNutt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002278","article-title":"Corneal endothelial cell toxicity determines long-term outcome after ocular exposure to sulfur mustard vapor","volume":"39","author":"McNutt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05491.x","article-title":"Progression of ocular sulfur mustard injury: development of a model system","volume":"1194","author":"Milhorn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(00)00229-8","article-title":"Haber\u2019s rule: a special case in a family of curves relating concentration and duration of exposure to a fixed level of response for a given endpoint","volume":"149","author":"Miller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-019-0169-7","article-title":"A review of corneal endotheliitis and endotheliopathy: differential diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment","volume":"8","author":"Moshirfar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-7-2","article-title":"Quality of life in chemical warfare survivors with ophthalmologic injuries: the first results form Iran Chemical Warfare Victims Health Assessment Study","volume":"7","author":"Mousavi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3549","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.25892","article-title":"Ocular effects of sulfur mustard and therapeutic approaches","volume":"118","author":"Panahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0190","series-title":"Veterans at Risk: the Health Effects of Mustard Gas and Lewisite","author":"Pechura","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(19)90351-5","article-title":"Ocular action of dichlorethylsulphide (mustard gas)","volume":"3","author":"Pickard","year":"1919","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthamol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0200","series-title":"Final Report. Report #329","article-title":"The minimum concentration of mustard gas effective for man","author":"Reed","year":"1918"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000183491.23754.44","article-title":"Keratoplasty after mustard gas injury: clinical outcome and histology","volume":"25","author":"Richter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.08.001","article-title":"Myofibroblast transdifferentiation: the dark force in ocular wound healing and fibrosis","volume":"60","author":"Shu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0215","series-title":"Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare","first-page":"xvi","author":"Sidell","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(97)00021-0","article-title":"Ocular injury by mustard gas","volume":"41","author":"Solberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2014.09.012","article-title":"The corneal fibrosis response to epithelial-stromal injury","volume":"142","author":"Torricelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.12.6","article-title":"A novel topical ophthalmic formulation to mitigate acute mustard gas keratopathy in vivo: a pilot study","volume":"9","author":"Tripathi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(46)90923-3","article-title":"Mustard-gas burns of human eyes in World War II","volume":"29","author":"Uhde","year":"1946","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(82)34746-6","article-title":"The corneal endothelium. Normal and pathologic structure and function","volume":"89","author":"Waring","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9298259","article-title":"Toxicity of vesicant agents scheduled for destruction by the Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program","volume":"98","author":"Watson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.03.018","article-title":"Corneal myofibroblast biology and pathobiology: generation, persistence, and transparency","volume":"99","author":"Wilson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S172159","article-title":"Comparison of central corneal thickness measurements in corneal edema using ultrasound pachymetry, Visante anterior-segment optical coherence tomography, Cirrus optical coherence tomography, and Pentacam Scheimpflug camera tomography","volume":"12","author":"Wongchaisuwat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."}],"container-title":["Toxicology Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378427421000254?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378427421000254?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T05:21:46Z","timestamp":1759900906000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378427421000254"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S0378427421000254"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-4274"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-4274","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Dose-dependent emergence of acute and recurrent corneal lesions in sulfur mustard-exposed rabbit eyes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Toxicology Letters","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.01.016","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}