{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:11:59Z","timestamp":1777929119467,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,28]],"date-time":"2019-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicology Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]],"date-time":"2019-01-30T12:47:26Z","timestamp":1548852446000},"page":"161-175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Subacute and subchronic oral toxicity assessments of Acridocarpus smeathmannii (DC.) Guill. & Perr. root in Wistar rats"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"O.E.","family":"Kale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Awodele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.J.","family":"Akindele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0005","series-title":"The Selection and Use of Essential Medicines: Report of the WHO Expert Committee, 2015 (including the 19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and the 5th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children) (No. 994)","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.09.015","article-title":"Traditional medicinal plants in Nigeria\u2014remedies or risks","volume":"150","author":"Awodele","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-11-117","article-title":"Herbal medicine use among urban residents in Lagos, Nigeria","volume":"11","author":"Oreagba","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.08.001","article-title":"Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: a review","volume":"33","author":"Atanasov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-015-1471-3","article-title":"Hepatotoxicity of herbal and dietary supplements: an update","volume":"89","author":"Stickel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-016-9400-8","article-title":"Pattern recognition analysis of chromatographic fingerprints of Crocus sativus L. secondary metabolites towards source identification and quality control","volume":"408","author":"Aliakbarzadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2004.07.003","article-title":"Techniques: bioprospecting historical herbal texts by hunting for new leads in old tomes","volume":"25","author":"Buenz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2014.00078","article-title":"Dose and time-dependent sub-chronic toxicity study of hydroethanolic leaf extract of Flabellaria paniculata Cav. (Malpighiaceae) in rodents","volume":"5","author":"Akindele","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-1188-8","article-title":"Safety evaluation of Bon-sant\u00e9 cleanser\u00ae polyherbal in male Wistar rats","volume":"16","author":"Kale","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2013.00177","article-title":"The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety","volume":"4","author":"Ekor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13420","article-title":"Adulteration of proprietary Chinese medicines and health products with undeclared drugs: experience of a tertiary toxicology laboratory in Hong Kong","volume":"84","author":"Ching","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"9198","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)06457-0","article-title":"Herb-drug interactions","volume":"355","author":"Fugh-Berman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.02.009","article-title":"Spontaneous reports of primarily suspected herbal hepatotoxicity by Pelargonium sidoides: was causality adequately ascertained?","volume":"63","author":"Teschke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2011.08.007","article-title":"The screening toolbox of bioactive substances from natural products: a review","volume":"82","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.12.007","article-title":"The traditional medical uses and cytotoxic activities of sixty-one Egyptian plants: discovery of an active cardiac glycoside from Urginea maritima","volume":"145","author":"El-Seedi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1996-8175.1968.tb02220.x","article-title":"A typification of some subfamily, sectional, and subsectional names in the family malpighiacae","author":"Morton","year":"1968","journal-title":"Taxon"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.1000146","article-title":"A complete generic phylogeny of Malpighiaceae inferred from nucleotide sequence data and morphology","volume":"97","author":"Davis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2014.11.015","article-title":"Prioritizing West African medicinal plants for conservation and sustainable extraction studies based on market surveys and species distribution models","volume":"181","author":"Van Andel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.02.032","article-title":"Medicinal plants of Guinea-Bissau: therapeutic applications, ethnic diversity and knowledge transfer","volume":"183","author":"Catarino","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.10.024","article-title":"Acridocarpus smeathmannii (DC.) Guill. & Perr. root enhanced reproductive behaviour and sexual function in male Wistar rats: biochemical and pharmacological mechanisms","volume":"230","author":"Kale","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2010.220","article-title":"Animal research: reporting in vivo experiments\u2014the ARRIVE guidelines","volume":"31","author":"Kilkenny","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0110","first-page":"882","article-title":"Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione","volume":"61","author":"Beutler","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1080\/09553009014552121","article-title":"Effect of calmodulin antagonist on radiation induced lipid peroxidation in microsomes","volume":"58","author":"Varshney","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.10.017","article-title":"Hydroxytyrosol suppresses MMP-9 and COX-2 activity and expression in activated human monocytes via PKC\u03b1 and PKC\u03b21 inhibition","volume":"232","author":"Scoditti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2004.03.005","article-title":"Health risks of herbal remedies: an update","volume":"76","author":"De Smet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2016.06.018","article-title":"Adulteration of herbal sexual enhancers and slimmers: the wish for better sexual well-being and perfect body can be risky","volume":"108","author":"Skalicka-Wo\u017aniak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1250533","article-title":"Toxicological risks of Chinese herbs","volume":"76","author":"Shaw","year":"2010","journal-title":"Planta Medica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.03.044","article-title":"90 Days toxicological assessment of hydroethanolic leaf extract of Ipomoea asarifolia (Desr.) Roem. and Schult.(Convolvulaceae) in rats","volume":"174","author":"Akindele","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-018-0253-y","article-title":"Toxicological evaluation of therapeutic and supra-therapeutic doses of Cellgevity\u00ae on reproductive function and biochemical indices in Wistar rats","volume":"19","author":"Awodele","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-018-2225-6","article-title":"Five traditional Nigerian Polyherbal remedies protect against high fructose fed, Streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes in male Wistar rats","volume":"18","author":"Kale","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2017.12.026","article-title":"Celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, offers chemoprevention against reproductive and neurobehavioural abnormalities induced by atrazine in male Wistar rats","volume":"58","author":"Kale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"2\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/10937404.2010.483176","article-title":"Toxicity testing in the 21st century: a vision and a strategy","volume":"13","author":"Krewski","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part B"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2009.12.005","article-title":"Assessment of herbal medicinal products: challenges, and opportunities to increase the knowledge base for safety assessment","volume":"243","author":"Jordan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-6264(65)80206-1","article-title":"Toxicity of pesticides in young versus adult rats","volume":"3","author":"Lu","year":"1965","journal-title":"Food Cosmet. Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2012.02.002","article-title":"Doctors\u2019 attitudes towards the use of herbal medicine in Lagos, Nigeria","volume":"2","author":"Awodele","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Herb. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.10.008","article-title":"Toxicological evaluation of the aqueous leaf extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae)","volume":"139","author":"Awodele","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80417-1","article-title":"Drug-induced liver diseases","volume":"32","author":"Larrey","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2005.07.008","article-title":"Medicinal plants: traditions of yesterday and drugs of tomorrow","volume":"27","author":"Gurib-Fakim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.947","article-title":"\u2019They don\u2019t ask me so I don\u2019t tell them\u2019: patient-clinician communication about traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine","volume":"7","author":"Shelley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Fam. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-007-9248-x","article-title":"An oral adsorbent, AST-120 protects against the progression of oxidative stress by reducing the accumulation of indoxyl sulfate in the systemic circulation in renal failure","volume":"24","author":"Shimoishi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5074","article-title":"Traditional plant aphrodisiacs and male sexual dysfunction","volume":"28","author":"Bella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfr198","article-title":"The safety and regulation of natural products used as foods and food ingredients","volume":"123","author":"Abdel-Rahman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2012.01.003","article-title":"Once initiated, how does toxic tissue injury expand?","volume":"33","author":"Mehendale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(03)00504-5","article-title":"The changing faces of glutathione, a cellular protagonist","volume":"66","author":"Pompella","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327111401051","article-title":"Pharmacologic inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system did not attenuate hepatic toxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats","volume":"30","author":"Ekor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005_bib0230","first-page":"377","article-title":"Transcellular biosynthesis of eicosanoid lipid mediators","volume":"1851","author":"Capra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. et Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"}],"container-title":["Toxicology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214750018307042?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214750018307042?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T15:55:41Z","timestamp":1762012541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2214750018307042"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S2214750018307042"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["2214-7500"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2214-7500","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Subacute and subchronic oral toxicity assessments of Acridocarpus smeathmannii (DC.) Guill. & Perr. root in Wistar rats","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Toxicology Reports","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}