{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:54:54Z","timestamp":1789473294528,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]],"date-time":"2019-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002349","name":"Academy of Scientific Research and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicology Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,10]],"date-time":"2019-11-10T17:09:40Z","timestamp":1573405780000},"page":"36-45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Dunaliella salina microalgae oppose thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Farouk K.","family":"El-Baz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abeer A.A.","family":"Salama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rehab A.","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2013.08.002","article-title":"Health applications of bioactive compounds from marine microalgae","volume":"93","author":"de Jesus Raposo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.10.015","article-title":"In vivo antioxidant activity of carotenoids from Dunaliella salina\u2013a green microalga","volume":"76","author":"Chidambara Murthy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5976","article-title":"Cytotoxic activity of carotenoid rich fractions from Haematococcus pluvialis and Dunaliella salina microalgae and the identification of the phytoconstituents using LC-DAD\/ESI-MS","volume":"32","author":"El-Baz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.715","article-title":"Antiinflammatory, analgesic and free radical scavenging activities of the marine microalgae Chlorella stigmatophora and Phaeodactylum tricornutum","volume":"15","author":"Guzman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.200310271","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of an indigenous isolate of Dunaliella sp. for beta-carotene and glycerol production from a hypersaline lake in India","volume":"43","author":"Phadwal","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Basic Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0030","first-page":"465","article-title":"Antidiabetic efficacy of Dunaliella salina extract in STZ-induced diabetic rats","volume":"7","author":"EL-Baz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Biol. Sci. Arch."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22030480","article-title":"Therapeutic potentials of microalgae in the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Olasehinde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.4103\/2221-1691.239428","article-title":"Protective and therapeutic potentials of Dunaliella salina on aging-associated cardiac dysfunction in rats","volume":"8","author":"El-Baz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1684\/ecn.2013.0341","article-title":"Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects of silymarin on hepatic dysfunction induced by sodium nitrite","volume":"24","author":"Sherif","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Cytokine Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2018-0338","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of tadalafil in thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis in rats","volume":"96","author":"Mansour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cotox.2018.12.006","article-title":"Oxidative stress and its biomarkers in microalgal ecotoxicology","volume":"13","author":"Pikula","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2014.11.015","article-title":"Oxidative stress and cell damage in a model of precancerous lesions and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats","volume":"2","author":"Moreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.05.038","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo evaluation of an oral sustained release hepatoprotective caffeine loaded w\/o pickering emulsion formula - containing wheat germ oil and stabilized by magnesium oxide nanoparticles","volume":"547","author":"Elmotasem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.12.005","article-title":"The burden of liver disease in Europe: a review of available epidemiological data","volume":"58","author":"Blachier","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4850","DOI":"10.2174\/092986712803341520","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress and molecular changes in liver fibrosis: a review","volume":"19","author":"Sanchez-Valle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7629724","article-title":"Clinical advancements in the targeted therapies against liver fibrosis","volume":"2016","author":"Bansal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26087","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161125942","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in liver diseases","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s40139-014-0050-2","article-title":"Mouse models of liver fibrosis mimic human liver fibrosis of different etiologies","volume":"2","author":"Martinez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Pathobiol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-015-1543-4","article-title":"Experimental models of liver fibrosis","volume":"90","author":"Yanguas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-009-2420-y","article-title":"Biotechnological production of lutein and its applications","volume":"86","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez\u2010Sevilla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.07.040","article-title":"Total carotenoid content, \u03b1-carotene and \u03b2-carotene, of landrace pumpkins (Cucurbita moschata Duch): a preliminary study","volume":"47","author":"de Carvalho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2014.02.006","article-title":"Thymoquinone alleviates thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis and inflammation by activating LKB1-AMPK signaling pathway in mice","volume":"19","author":"Bai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2017.1340965","article-title":"Anti-fibrotic effects of Cuscuta chinensis with in vitro hepatic stellate cells and a thioacetamide-induced experimental rat model","volume":"55","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0120","series-title":"A Colorimetric Method for the Determination of Serum Glutamic Oxalacetic and Glutamic Pyruvic Transminases","author":"Reitman","year":"1957"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1159\/000459586","article-title":"Colorimetric determination of alkaline phosphatase activity","volume":"12","author":"Belfield","year":"1971","journal-title":"Enzyme"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-265X(70)90045-7","article-title":"An ultramicromethod for the determination of conjugated and total bilirubin in serum or plasma","volume":"15","author":"Walters","year":"1970","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(71)90365-2","article-title":"Albumin standards and the measurement of serum albumin with bromcresol green","volume":"31","author":"Doumas","year":"1971","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0140","first-page":"882","article-title":"Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione","volume":"61","author":"Beutler","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(79)90738-3","article-title":"Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction","volume":"95","author":"Ohkawa","year":"1979","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510310136","article-title":"Grading and staging the histopathological lesions of chronic hepatitis: the Knodell histology activity index and beyond","volume":"31","author":"Brunt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2859-11-96","article-title":"Microalgal biofactories: a promising approach towards sustainable omega-3 fatty acid production","volume":"11","author":"Adarme-Vega","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-018-0879-x","article-title":"The promising future of microalgae: current status, challenges, and optimization of a sustainable and renewable industry for biofuels, feed, and other products","volume":"17","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/761450","article-title":"Attenuating effect of Ginkgo biloba leaves extract on liver fibrosis induced by thioacetamide in mice","volume":"2012","author":"Al-Attar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(98)80257-2","article-title":"Salvia miltiorrhiza reduces experimentally-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats","volume":"29","author":"Wasser","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2011.02.004","article-title":"Animal models for the study of hepatic fibrosis","volume":"25","author":"Starkel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2016-0433","article-title":"Hepato- and neuro-protective influences of biopropolis on thioacetamide-induced acute hepatic encephalopathy in rats","volume":"95","author":"Mostafa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0185","first-page":"48","article-title":"Quercetin protects against thioacetamide induced hepatotoxicity in rats through decreased oxidative stress biomarkers, the inflammatory cytokines; (TNF-\u03b1), (NF-\u03ba B) and DNA fragmentation","volume":"8","author":"Afifi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Der Pharma Chemica."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550120613","article-title":"Silymarin protects against paracetamol-induced lipid peroxidation and liver damage","volume":"12","author":"Muriel","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18767","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules191118767","article-title":"Curcumin protects against CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in rats by inhibiting HIF-1alpha through an ERK-dependent pathway","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0200","first-page":"642","article-title":"Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of Dunaliella salina in paracetamol-induced acute toxicity in rats","volume":"75","author":"Madkour","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.08.003","article-title":"Toxicity assessment of the green Dunaliella salina microalgae","volume":"6","author":"El-Baz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hepres.2005.08.008","article-title":"Protective effect of Dunaliella salina-A marine micro alga, against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats","volume":"33","author":"Chidambara Murthy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0215","first-page":"111","article-title":"Whey protein isolate protects against cyclophosphamide-induced acute liver and kidney damage in rats","volume":"7","author":"Mansour","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0220","first-page":"1540","article-title":"Protective effects of Dunaliella salina - a carotenoids-rich alga - against ultraviolet B-induced corneal oxidative damage in mice","volume":"18","author":"Tsai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0225","article-title":"Protective effect of aqueous extract from the leaves of Justicia tranquebariesis against thioacetamide-induced oxidative stress and hepatic fibrosis in rats","volume":"7","author":"Sukalingam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.3858\/emm.2011.43.6.037","article-title":"Antifibrotic effects of magnesium lithospermate B on hepatic stellate cells and thioacetamide-induced cirrhotic rats","volume":"43","author":"Paik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2017.09.015","article-title":"An integrative analysis of chemically-induced cirrhosis-associated hepatocarcinogenesis: histological, biochemical and molecular features","volume":"281","author":"Romualdo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2017.11.6.470","article-title":"Anti-fibrotic effects of Orostachys japonicus A. Berger (Crassulaceae) on hepatic stellate cells and thioacetamide-induced fibrosis in rats","volume":"11","author":"Koppula","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2017.1361968","article-title":"Improved hepatoprotective activity of silymarin via encapsulation in the novel vesicular nanosystem bilosomes","volume":"43","author":"Mohsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2016.08.010","article-title":"Beta-carotene synergistically enhances the anti-tumor effect of 5-fluorouracil on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in vivo and in vitro","volume":"261","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.05.644","article-title":"Impairment of reproductive function in a male rat model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and beneficial effect of N-3 fatty acid supplementation","volume":"222","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.01.021","article-title":"The induction of apoptosis in pre-malignant keratinocytes by omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is inhibited by albumin","volume":"218","author":"Nikolakopoulou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/md17050290","article-title":"Zeaxanthin isolated from Dunaliella salina microalgae ameliorates age associated cardiac dysfunction in rats through stimulation of retinoid receptors","volume":"17","author":"El-Baz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.4103\/pm.pm_340_17","article-title":"Modulatory effect of carotenoid supplement constituting lutein and zeaxanthin (10:1) on anti-oxidant enzymes and macular pigments level in rats","volume":"14","author":"Madhavan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."}],"container-title":["Toxicology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214750019301088?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214750019301088?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T15:57:47Z","timestamp":1762012667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2214750019301088"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["S2214750019301088"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017","relation":{},"ISSN":["2214-7500"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2214-7500","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Dunaliella salina microalgae oppose thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Toxicology Reports","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.10.017","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}