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C.G. K\u00fchn ed. 20 vol. De Theriaca ad Pisonem 14. 1964-65: 237."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0010","series-title":"Ptolemaic Empire","first-page":"25","author":"H\u00f6lb","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0015","unstructured":"Pr\u00e9aux Cl. L\u2019economie royale des Lagides.1939; Pr\u00e9aux Cl. Les Grecs en \u00c9gypte d\u2019apr\u00e8s les archives de Zenon. 1947. Rostovtzeff M. A large Estate in Egypt in the Third century BC., a Study in Economic History. 1922."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0020","series-title":"Alexandrie la Grande","first-page":"127","author":"Bernard","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0025","series-title":"La v\u00e9ritable histoire de la biblioth\u00e8que d\u2019Alexandrie","first-page":"30","author":"Canfora","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0030","unstructured":"It was necessary to establish a subsidiary one in the Serapeum with workshops to prepare papyrus and copy manuscripts, due to the great activity. Bernand, 1998: 136."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0035","unstructured":"At the same time Ptolemy VIII was himself an enthusiatic philologist and even wrote a critical study of Homer. In addition he wrote 24 books, without litteray value, of Hypomnemata, treating various topics, and gave later a new impetus to the Alexandrian culture and its writers. See H\u00f6lb. 2001:195. M. Della Monica. Les derniers pharaons. 1997: 93."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0040","series-title":"Herophilus. The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria","author":"Von Staden","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polybius. The Histories. 2010: 5. 34, 14.12.","DOI":"10.4159\/DLCL.polybius-histories.2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0050","unstructured":"Phylarchos, (Fragments in F. Jacoby. Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (FGrH). 1923: 2c. 133 f.), contemporary of the events, wrote 28 books of history, but neither has survived except in quota. Polybius (II, 56) accused him by falsifying the history, accusation picked up by Plutarch (Parallel Lives. Life of Aratus. 1926: XXXVIII). They make against Phylarcos some charges: carelessness and inaccuracy, unnecessary description of horrors, even insustainable, more suited to the dramatist than the historian to cause violent sensations in the reader. Although he was endowed with a vivid immagination, at the same time he was alive and attractive transmiting the exagerated facts with great splendor."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0055","unstructured":"Arsinoe III was the uterine sister of the king, but her affection and admiration won over public opinion to the incestous union. Greeks were scandalized by marriages between uterine brothers and sisters, as the union of Philadelphus with his sister Arsinoe II, even if they were not illegal. See Fraser P. Ptolemaic Alexandria. 1972: 117-118."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0060","unstructured":"H\u00f6lb. 2001:134-136."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0065","unstructured":"Although she was Macedonian and Greek by education her blood was not pure for her Persian mother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0070","unstructured":"Diodorus Siculus. Library of History. 6 vol. 1933-1954: 28.14; Plutarch. Moralia. 1927: 71 c-d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0075","unstructured":"H\u00f6lb. 2001: 142."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraser. 1972: 119.","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2403999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0085","unstructured":"H\u00f6lb. 2001: 194."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0090","series-title":"The Life. Against Apion","first-page":"50","author":"Josephus","year":"1926"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0095","series-title":"Corpus apologetarum Christianorum saeculi secundi","author":"Iustinus","year":"1969"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0100","series-title":"Iustinus 1969: 38. 8; Titus Livy. Rome Mediterranean Empire Book 41-45 and the Periochae","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0105","unstructured":"Both at the same level, named the first \u2018the sister\u2019 (\u1f21 \u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03d5\u03ae) and Cleopatra III \u2018the wife\u2019 (\u1f21 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0110","unstructured":"He delivered to her mother his head, legs and hands cut off that she put on display in the city in order to arouse the people\u2019s wrath (Diodorus. 1933-1954: 34. 14; Iustinus. 1969: 38. 8. 13-15)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraser. 1972:123.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8500.1972.tb00082.x"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0120","unstructured":"H\u00f6lb. 2001: 202."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0125","unstructured":"Prosopographia Ptolemaica VI. Peremans W., Van\u2019t Dack, 1968.= Studia Helenistica XXXVIII. 2002."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0130","unstructured":"Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (FGrH). F. Jacoby ed. 1923-1959: 87 F28, 4-5. See Hu\u03b2 W. Die antike Mittelmeerwelt und Inr\u00e9nerafrika bis zum Ende der Herrschaft der Karthager und der Ptolem\u00e4er, in H. Duchhardt, J. Schlumberger, P. Segl eds. Afrika. Entdeckung und Erforschung eines Kontinents.1989: 16."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0135","unstructured":"Cleopatra which means \u2018glory of the father\u2019, was a Greek name of several heroines of Greek mythology, used by many Greaco-Macedonian princesses. Cleopatra of Macedonia was the sister of Alexander the Great married to Alexander of Molossis, who returned to Pella when she became a widow. She had been sought in marriage by several Mecedonians who were looking for the Alexander\u2019s legacy. She finally was murdered in Sardes, after married Perdicas in mains of his successor and Antigonos gave Cleopatra a beautiful funeral.This illustrated origin probably encouraged Antiochos III to gave this name to his daughter."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0140","unstructured":"In natural allegiance to the Seleukids, she was the eldest daughter of Antiochos III and her mother Laodice III of Persian blood, the daughter of the king Mithridates of Pontus."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0145","unstructured":"Cleopatra III precedes Ptolemy IX in the temple of Deir el-Medina and the temple of Khonsu in Karnak. The temple of Khonsu, The epigraphic survey II. 1981: pl. 190."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0150","unstructured":"Ptolemy IX, born in 143, (Cleopatra) Tryphanea, in 141, married Anthiocus VIII Grypus, Ptolemy X in 140, Cleopatra IV in 138, married her brother Ptolemy IX and then Antiochus, and in 135 Cleopatra Selene."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0155","series-title":"Appian. Roman History: The Civil Wars","first-page":"69","author":"Iustinus 39","year":"1913"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0160","unstructured":"Pausanias. Description of Greece. 1918-1935: 1. 9.1-3; Porphyry. Fragments of Greek History. 5 vol. 1993: 260 F 2. 8."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0165","unstructured":"H\u00f6lb. 2001: 205-206."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0170","series-title":"Cleopatra, a Sphinx Revisited","first-page":"21","article-title":"Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt","author":"Ashton","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0175","unstructured":"H\u00f6lb. 2001: 213."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0180","series-title":"Tacitus Cornelius.The Agricola of Tacitus. 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She is not the same person as Cleopatra VII, nonetheless she may be referred to as Cleopatra: Queen of Egypt in some later works, who also had an interest in alchemy. The text titled A dialogue of Cleopatra and the Philosophers exists, but cannot be attributed to her even though it was probably referred to Cleopatra VII."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0245","unstructured":"Durant W. Caesar and Christ: A History of Roman Civilization and of Christianity from their beginnings to A.D. 325. Story of Civilization 3, I944: 112. 8; 106."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0250","unstructured":"Strabo. Geography. 1917: 17. 1-6. Cassius Dio, 42. 3."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cicero. Letters to Atticus, 1999: 14. 8; 15. 17.","DOI":"10.4159\/DLCL.marcus_tullius_cicero-letters_atticus.1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0260","first-page":"151","article-title":"Wo war was tat Cleopatra an Iden der M\u00e4rz 44","volume":"3","author":"B\u00f6hm","year":"1985","journal-title":"Gerion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0265","unstructured":"Aristotle\u2019s cousin, Callisthenes, had in charge to transmit to the Lyceum his scientific researches in different countries."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0270","series-title":"Recherches sur les plantes","first-page":"14","author":"Th\u00e9ophraste","year":"1988"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0275.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arrian. Anabasis of Alexander. 1976: 8=Indica 15. 11","DOI":"10.4159\/DLCL.arrian-anabasis_alexander.1976"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0275.2","unstructured":"Arrian. HistoryofAlexanderandIndica. 2 vols. 1976 and 1983. Quintus Curtius. History of Alexander. 1946: 9. 20."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0280","unstructured":"A doctor of Olynthus inherited from his father Lampon the science to cure even the incurable Libyan cobra bites."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0285","series-title":"Les th\u00e9riaques","first-page":"XIV","author":"Nicandre","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0290","series-title":"Paideia: los ideales de la cultura griega","first-page":"783","author":"Jaeger","year":"1957"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0295","article-title":"L\u2019ecole m\u00e9dicale d\u2019Alexandrie et la naissance de la toxicologie","author":"See Rosso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of XLII Congress of the International Society for the History of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0300","unstructured":"Athenaeus. Deipnosophistae (Sophists at Dinner). 7 vol. 1927-1941: 8. 312."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2018.10.001","article-title":"The dose response principle from philosophy to modern toxicology: the impact of ancient philosophy and medicine in modern toxicology science","volume":"5","author":"Tsatsakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0310","unstructured":"Rosso. 2010."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0315","unstructured":"Nicandre. 2002: XXXV."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0320","series-title":"A Collection of the Fragments with Traslation and Commentary","author":"Diocles of Carystus","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0325","unstructured":"Nicandre. 2002: XXVIII-XXX."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0330","unstructured":"Erasistratus considered the \u2018divine hands of gods\u2019 the antidotes which combine plant, animal and mineral ingredients all together, (Plutarch. Moralia VIII. Quaestiones convivalis. 1927: 4. 663 c), and later Oribasus and Alexander of Tralles give this name to an ointment of five components."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0335","unstructured":"Wellmann M. Philumenos, Hermes 43, 1908: 373-404, attributed to Straton of Beyrouth (2nd century BC), the fragments quoted by Philumenos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0340","first-page":"321","volume":"26","author":"Wellmann","year":"1891"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0345","series-title":"La storia dell\u2019anticca Biblioteca di Alessandria","first-page":"91","article-title":"I Lidi della conoscenza","author":"Adie Flower","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"For Fraser (1972: 371), Zopyros of Alexandria lived in the Auletes reign and was related with the court. See also Jonckheere F. M\u00e9decins de cour et m\u00e9decine palatine sous le Pharaons, Chronique d\u2019\u00c9gypte 1952, 27 : 51-87 and Gorteman C. M\u00e9decins de cour dans l\u2019\u00c9gypte du IIIe si\u00e8cle av. J.-C., Chronique d\u2019\u00c9gypte 1957, 32: 313-336.","DOI":"10.1484\/J.CDE.2.307660"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0355","unstructured":"Celsus, Cornelius. The Medicinae. 3 vol. 1938; Celsus. On Medicine. 1989: 5. 22; Galen, The Theriaca ad Pisonem: 149."},{"issue":"109","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0360","first-page":"3","volume":"3","author":"Caesar","year":"1914","journal-title":"Civ. Wars"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0365","unstructured":"von Staden, 1989: 526. For an extense development of the subject see Rosso, L\u2019ecole m\u00e9dicale d\u2019Alexandrie\u2026."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0370","series-title":"Herbs and Healers from the ancient Mediterranean through the Medieval West, New York","article-title":"2002: XVIII-XIX n. 22; Scarborough J. Pharmacology and toxicology at the court of Cleopatra VII: traces of three physicians","author":"Nicandre","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0375","first-page":"29","article-title":"Parfums et onguents liturgiques du Laboratoire d\u2019\u00c9dfou: compositions, codes v\u00e9g\u00e9taux et min\u00e9raux dans l\u2019\u00c9gypte ancienne","author":"Aufr\u00e8re","year":"1998","journal-title":"Parfums d\u2019Orient, Res Orientales XI"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0380","series-title":"History of Toxicology and Enviromental Health","first-page":"11","article-title":"The death of Cleopatra; Suicide of snake bite or poisoned by her enemies?","author":"Tasoucalas","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0385","unstructured":"See L\u00fcring H. Die \u00fcber die medicinischen Kenntnisse der alten \u00c4gypter berichtenden Papyri verglichen mit den medicinischen Schriften griechischer und r\u00f6mischer Autoren. 1888; inv. 8. Th\u00e8se de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourgh, inedited; Loret V. Pour transformer un vieillard en jeune homme (P Smith, XXI, 9-XX, 10), MIFAO 1939, 66: 872, n. 1."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0390","unstructured":"The long liste that mentions these medical authors demonstrates a great knowledge of the medical litterature until the 7th century and was added to an 11th century manuscript of the Celsus\u2019 work (Laur. 73, 1, fol 142). Paul of Aegina refers to a few. See Wellmann M. Zur Geschichte der Medicin im Alterthum\u201d, Hermes1900, 35: 349-384, 366-367."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0395","unstructured":"Samson. 1997: 140."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0400","series-title":"Women Writers of Ancient Greece and Rome: An Anthology","first-page":"145","author":"Plat","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0405","series-title":"Cl\u00e9op\u00e2tre, vie et mort d\u2019un pharaon","author":"Flamarion","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0410","unstructured":"Plat. 2004:137; Becher I. Das Bild der Kleopatra in der griechischen und lateinischen Literatur. 1966: 155-156, 172; Fraser, 1972: 372, 548 and n. 305-307."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0415","unstructured":"Nicandre. 2002: 97."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0420","series-title":"Cleopatra: histories, dreams and distortions","first-page":"139","author":"Hughes-Hallett","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0425","unstructured":"Pausanias. 1918-1935: 8. 4. 7; Nicander 2014: v. 259-270."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(81)90120-3","article-title":"Effects of Cerastes cerastes (Egyptian sand viper) and Cerastes vipera (Sahara sand viper) snake venom on blood coagulation: separation of coagulant and anticoagulant factors and their correlation with arginine esterasa and proteasa activities","volume":"18-1","author":"Labib","year":"1981","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0435","unstructured":"Prosper Alpin, (Histoire Naturelle de l\u2019Egypte. 1979: 211), adds: \u201cC\u2019est un serpent semblable \u00e0 la vip\u00e8re de chez nous que les Padouans nomment \u2018marasso\u2019, mais il est plus petit et plus mince\u201d. See also Boulenger G. A. The Snakes of Europe. 1913."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0440","unstructured":"Nicander 2014: v. 299-308. This symptoms explained by Aelian (1958-1959: 5. 13) has a striking similarity to those of Nicander, though he adds that bilious venom is mixed with the blood while Pliny (11. 68) states that such an abundant bile in snakes is venomous."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0445","series-title":"See about the dipsas Lucan of Samosata","first-page":"63","year":"1928"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0450","unstructured":"Aelian. On animals. 1958-1959: 17. 4."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2014.09.005","article-title":"The renal effects and initial characterization of venom from Philodryas nattereri Steindachner, 1870","volume":"1","author":"Dantas de Aquino Nery","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aristotle. History of animals. 3 vol. 1965: 581a. 1-2.","DOI":"10.4159\/DLCL.aristotle-history_animals.1965"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0465","series-title":"La Grande encyclop\u00e9die de la nature. Les reptiles. t. 10","first-page":"272","author":"Angus Bellairs","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.004_bib0470","unstructured":"Virgil. 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