{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T21:32:10Z","timestamp":1793395930970,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":87,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007941","name":"Addis Ababa University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007941","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicology Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T12:22:56Z","timestamp":1649247776000},"page":"797-805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Subchronic toxicity study of herbal tea of Moringa stenopetala (Baker f.) Cudof. and Mentha spicata L. leaves formulation in Wistar albino rats"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Abdu Hassen","family":"Musa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asfaw Debella","family":"Hagos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Girmai Gebru","family":"Dimsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eyasu Makonnen","family":"Eshetu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mesfin Asefa","family":"Tola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abinet","family":"Admas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abiy Abebe","family":"Gelagle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boki Lengiso","family":"Tullu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4269-7-39","article-title":"The contribution of traditional healers\u2019 clinics to public health care system in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"7","author":"Birhan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib2","first-page":"327","article-title":"Herbal medicines: challenges in the modern world. Part 5. status and current directions of complementary and alternative herbal medicine worldwide","volume":"10","author":"Enioutina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-000895","article-title":"Traditional, complementary and alternative medicine use in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review","volume":"3","author":"James","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib4","first-page":"287","article-title":"Documentation on the uses of Moringa stenopetala and its possible antileishmanial and antifertility effects","volume":"21","author":"Mekonnen","year":"1998","journal-title":"SINET: Ethiop. J. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib5","series-title":"Mint: the genus Mentha","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib6","unstructured":"Edwards S., Tadesse, M., Demissew, S., Hedberg, I., 2000. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea, Vol. 2, part1: Magnoliaceae to Flacourtiaceae. Uppsala, Sweden. \u3008http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\u3009."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib7","first-page":"545","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro hypotensive effect of aqueous extract of Moringa stenopetala","volume":"12","author":"Mengistu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Afr. Health Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib8","first-page":"2","article-title":"Toxicological evaluations of the crude extracts and fractions of Moringa stenopetala leaves in liver and kidney of rats","volume":"7","author":"Geleta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cytol. Histol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib9","first-page":"214","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic and subchronic toxicity study of Moringa stenopetala leaves in mice","volume":"2","author":"Sileshi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Coast. Life Med."},{"issue":"97","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib10","first-page":"1","article-title":"In vivo antihypertensive and antihyperlipidemic effects of the crude extracts and fractions of Moringa stenopetala (Baker.) Cufod. leaves in rats","volume":"7","author":"Geleta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2147\/JEP.S133778","article-title":"Diuretic activity of the aqueous crude extract and hot tea infusion of Moringa stenopetala (Baker f.) Cufod. leaves in rats","volume":"9","author":"Fekadu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"42","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Medicinal plants potential and use by pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in Erer Valley of Babile Wereda, Eastern Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"Belayneh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib13","first-page":"2704","article-title":"Variability in agronomic and chemical characteristics of spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) Genotypes in Ethiopia","volume":"2","author":"Kassahun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Biol. Biomed. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2167-0412.1000278","article-title":"Aromatic and medicinal plants in Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center Botanical Garden, South Ethiopia","volume":"5","author":"Banjaw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Aroma Plants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib15","first-page":"2","article-title":"Chemical composition and In Vitro antibacterial activity of Mentha spicata essential oil against common food-borne pathogenic bacteria","volume":"2015","author":"Shahbazi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pathog."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14402","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules200814402","article-title":"Mentha spicata essential oil: chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities against planktonic and biofilm cultures of Vibrio spp. Strains","volume":"20","author":"Snoussi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib17","series-title":"Aromatic and medicinal plants - back to nature","first-page":"48","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Mentha Species","author":"Brahmi","year":"2017"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2011.04.002","article-title":"Antimicrobial potential and chemical composition of Mentha piperita oil in liquid and vapor phase against food spoiling microorganisms","volume":"22","author":"Tyagi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib19","first-page":"75","article-title":"Study of hyperglycemic, hypo-cholesterolemic and antioxidant activities of Iranian Mentha spicata leaves aqueous extract in diabetic rats","volume":"16","author":"Bayani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"082","DOI":"10.7324\/JAPS.2018.81011","article-title":"Toxicity studies on leaf extracts of Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze and Alternanthera bettzickiana (Regel.) Voss","volume":"8","author":"Kasthuri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib21","unstructured":"Debella, A., 2021. Moringa stenopetala leaves and herbal adjuvants blend medicinal tea granule package for supportive care of pre-diabetes and pre-hypertension. In Proceeding of Dissemination Workshop of Multisectoral Interdisciplinary Research Findings on Moringa stenopetala, Arba-Minch University, Ethiopia, 25\u201328 February 2021; pp. 50\u201351. Available online at http:\/\/ephi.gov.et."},{"issue":"2018","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib22","first-page":"185","article-title":"Acute and chronic toxicity profiles of the methanol leaf extract of Acacia ataxacantha D.C (Leguminosae) in Wistar rats","volume":"56","author":"Abbasa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. Fac.\u00a0Pharm. Cairo Univ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01179","article-title":"Acute and sub-acute toxicity of aqueous extract of aerial parts of Caralluma dalzielii N. E. Brown in mice and rats","volume":"5","author":"Ugwah-Oguejiofor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib24","first-page":"1485","article-title":"Assessment of acute, sub-acute, chronic and genotoxicity of polyherbal formulation DCD-684 in mice","volume":"34","author":"Roome","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.2147\/JEP.S312649","article-title":"Developmental toxicity of ethanolic extracts of leaves of Achyranthes aspera, Amaranthaceae in rat embryos and fetuses","volume":"2021","author":"Teshome","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib26","first-page":"818","article-title":"Primary phytochemical identification and some biochemical parameters study of ethanolic extract of Mentha spicata leaves in mice","volume":"8","author":"Abed AL-Ani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chem. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib27","unstructured":"European Union (EU), 2010. Directive 2010\/63\/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scienti\ufb01c purposes. Official Journal of the EU L 276\/33; pp. 1\u201347. \u3008https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:276:0033:0079\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib28","unstructured":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), 2020. The AVMA Guidelines for the euthanasia of animals: 2020 Edition. American Veterinary Medical Association. 1931 N, Meacham Road, Schaumburg, IL 60173. Version 2020.0.1 22\u201363. \u3008http:\/\/www.avma.org\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib29","unstructured":"Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), 2018. Guidelines for the testing of chemicals. Test No. 408: Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents. PP: 1\u201310. \u3008http:\/\/www.oecd.org\u3009."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib30","article-title":"The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research","volume":"18","author":"Percie du Sert","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-849-2_4","article-title":"Histopathology procedures: from tissue sampling to histopathological evaluation","volume":"691","author":"Slaoui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib32","series-title":"Bancroft\u2019s Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques","author":"Suvarna","year":"2019"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib33","first-page":"2652","article-title":"Medicinal plants from traditional use to toxicity assessment","volume":"6","author":"Chanda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib34","series-title":"Presenting toxicology results: how to evaluate data and write reports","first-page":"44","author":"Nohynek","year":"2002"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib35","first-page":"171","article-title":"Subchronic toxicity studies of butanol fraction of leaves of Moringa stenopetala in experimental rats","volume":"1","author":"Musa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Med. Pharm. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.5530\/pc.2016.2.8","article-title":"Toxicological evaluation of Moringa oleifera Lam seeds and leaves in Wistar rats","volume":"6","author":"Ajayi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Commun."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.3923\/ajaps.2011.477.488","article-title":"Contribution of Moringa (Moringa stenopetala) a highly nutritious vegetable tree, for food security in south Ethiopia","volume":"4","author":"Yisehak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian J. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2014.03.015","article-title":"Liver biomarker and in vitro assessment confirm the hepatic origin of aminotransferase elevations lacking histopathological correlate in beagle dogs treated with GABAA receptor antagonist NP260","volume":"277","author":"Harrill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmcol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623314555340","article-title":"Evaluation of clinical pathology data: correlating changes with other study data","volume":"43","author":"Everds","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib40","first-page":"64","article-title":"Biochemical and hematological study on butanol fraction of leaves of Moringa Stenopetala in experimental rats. IOSR","volume":"6","author":"Musa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib41","first-page":"1","article-title":"Acute and sub-chronic toxicity evaluation of a standardized green coffee bean extract in Wistar albino rats","volume":"9","author":"Venkatakrishna","year":"2021","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib42","series-title":"A Toxicologist\u2019s Guide to Clinical Pathology in Animals: Hematology, Clinical Chemistry, Urinalysis","first-page":"27","author":"Whalan","year":"2015"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.12980\/JCLM.3.2015J5-54","article-title":"Lactate dehydrogenase as an indicator of liver, muscular and cancer diseases","volume":"3","author":"Sadeq AL-Janabi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Coast. Life Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7609.1000222","article-title":"Acute and subchronic oral toxicity study of methanolic extract of Caesalpinia volkensii (Harms)","volume":"8","author":"Musila","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Drug Metab. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib45","series-title":"General and Systemic Pathology","author":"Underwood","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib46","unstructured":"Kumar, V., Abbas, A., Aster, J.C., 2017. Robbins basic pathology (10th ed.). Elsevier Health Science Division. pp. 10\u2013308. \u3008http:\/\/www.studentconsult.com\/content\/default.cfm?ISBN=0721692745&ID=P001\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib47","series-title":"Background Lesions in Laboratory Animals: A Color Atlas.","author":"McInnes","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib48","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pathology for Toxicologists: Principles and Practices of Laboratory Animal Pathology for Study Personnel","author":"McInnes","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.3109\/03602539808996322","article-title":"Sex-dependent metabolism of xenobiotics","volume":"30","author":"Kedderis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib50","first-page":"3","article-title":"Sex differences in the expression of drug metabolizing and transporter genes in human liver","volume":"3","author":"Leming","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Drug Metab. Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623316677327","article-title":"Sex differences in human and animal toxicology: Toxicokinetics","volume":"45","author":"Gochfeld","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6849765","article-title":"In Vivo and In Vitro toxicity evaluation of hydroethanolic extract of Kalanchoe brasiliensis (Crassulaceae) leaves","volume":"2018","author":"Fonseca","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Toxicol."}],"container-title":["Toxicology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214750022000749?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214750022000749?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T21:02:07Z","timestamp":1793394127000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2214750022000749"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S2214750022000749"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043","relation":{},"ISSN":["2214-7500"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2214-7500","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Subchronic toxicity study of herbal tea of Moringa stenopetala (Baker f.) Cudof. and Mentha spicata L. leaves formulation in Wistar albino rats","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Toxicology Reports","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.043","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}