{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:57:49Z","timestamp":1790873869671,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]],"date-time":"2024-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicology Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T20:31:56Z","timestamp":1731443516000},"page":"101808","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Novel therapeutic effects of rifaximin in combination with methylprednisolone for LPS-induced \u200eoxidative stress and inflammation in mice\u200e: \u200eAn in vivo study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Marwa Salih","family":"\u200eAl-Naimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed R.","family":"Abu-Raghif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayder Adnan","family":"Fawzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2026131","article-title":"Cytokine storm","volume":"383","author":"Fajgenbaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib2","series-title":"Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing Copyright \u00a92024","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2024"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13469","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713469","article-title":"Neutrophils and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)","volume":"24","author":"Sikora","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0131-x","article-title":"Cytokine-mediated communication: a quantitative appraisal of immune complexity","volume":"19","author":"Altan-Bonnet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed9010013","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory interleukins in infectious diseases: a comprehensive review","volume":"9","author":"Al-Qahtani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.931061","article-title":"Mechanism of COVID-19 Causing ARDS: exploring the possibility of preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2","volume":"12","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect. Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib7","first-page":"594","article-title":"Implementation of antimicrobial stewardship in patient with sepsis in critical care unit","volume":"9","author":"I Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030759","article-title":"The enigma of lymphocyte apoptosis in the response to influenza virus infection","volume":"15","author":"Roberts","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib9","first-page":"1193","article-title":"Cilostazol protects against sepsis-induced kidney impairment in a mice model","volume":"6","author":"Raheem","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118923","article-title":"Targeting inflammatory cytokine storm to fight against COVID-19 associated severe complications","volume":"267","author":"Hirawat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib11","article-title":"The IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and TNF cytokine triad is associated with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19","volume":"3","author":"Schulthei\u00df","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa063842","article-title":"Cytokine storm in a phase 1 trial of the anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody TGN1412","volume":"355","author":"Suntharalingam","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222313009","article-title":"Pathogenesis and treatment of cytokine storm induced by infectious diseases","volume":"22","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib14","first-page":"353","article-title":"Labetalol ameliorates experimental colitis in rat possibly through its effect on proinflammatory mediators and oxidative stress","volume":"70","author":"Dawood","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Lab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2023.156287","article-title":"Emerging aspects of cytokine storm in COVID-19: The role of proinflammatory cytokines and therapeutic prospects","volume":"169","author":"Dharra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib16","series-title":"StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing Copyright \u00a92024","author":"Ocejo","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib17","series-title":"Synthesis of Essential Drugs","first-page":"349","article-title":"27 - Corticosteroids","author":"Vardanyan","year":"2006"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.1997.16.145","article-title":"A negative regulatory region containing a glucocorticosteroid response element (nGRE) in the human interleukin-1beta gene","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"1997","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.4103\/MJBL.MJBL_393_23","article-title":"The effects of sulfasalazine and ezetimibe on proinflammatory cytokines in male rat with induced colitis: a comparative study","volume":"21","author":"Jaafar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. J. Babylon."},{"issue":"5234","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5234.283","article-title":"Role of transcriptional activation of I kappa B alpha in mediation of immunosuppression by glucocorticoids","volume":"270","author":"Scheinman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5234","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5234.286","article-title":"Immunosuppression by glucocorticoids: inhibition of NF-kappa B activity through induction of I kappa B synthesis","volume":"270","author":"Auphan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.14018","article-title":"The mitigating effect of para-hydroxycinnamic acid in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice through targeting oxidative, inflammatory and fibrotic pathways","volume":"135","author":"Hussein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1159\/000081990","article-title":"Rifaximin, a poorly absorbed antibiotic: pharmacology and clinical potential","volume":"51","author":"Scarpignato","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"issue":"29","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6638","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i29.6638","article-title":"Use of rifaximin in gastrointestinal and liver diseases","volume":"22","author":"Shayto","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3618","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00161-10","article-title":"Bile acids improve the antimicrobial effect of rifaximin","volume":"54","author":"Darkoh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.107.121913","article-title":"Rifaximin is a gut-specific human pregnane X receptor activator","volume":"322","author":"Ma","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11213468","article-title":"Rifaximin modifies gut microbiota and attenuates inflammation in Parkinson's disease: preclinical and clinical studies","volume":"11","author":"Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib28","unstructured":"Underwood W., Anthony R. AVMA guidelines for the euthanasia of animals: 2020 edition. 2020:2020-2021,"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5339\/jemtac.2022.ismc.12","article-title":"Attenuated effects of rivastigmine in induced cytokine storm in mice","volume":"2022","author":"Abed Mansoor","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med., Trauma Acute Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib30","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of rivastigmine in induced cytokine storm in mice: dose standardization","volume":"21","author":"Mansoor","year":"2022","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib31","article-title":"Effects of topical isoxsuprine ointment on imiquimod-induced psoriasiform skin inflammation in mice. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's","author":"Khafaji","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3897\/pharmacia.71.e116184","article-title":"Evaluation of empagliflozin efficacy as a promising anti-aging treatment in mice: in-vivo study","volume":"71","author":"Obaid","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61269-y","article-title":"Vinpocetine alleviated alveolar epithelial cells injury in experimental pulmonary fibrosis by targeting PPAR-\u03b3\/NLRP3\/NF-\u03baB and TGF-\u03b21\/Smad2\/3 pathways","volume":"14","author":"Hussein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.22317\/jcms.v9i5.1429","article-title":"The protective effect of ramelteon and in combination with dexamethasone on the lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine storm in mice","volume":"9","author":"Al-dabbagh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.104814","article-title":"Neuroprotection by dihydrotestosterone in LPS-induced neuroinflammation","volume":"140","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib36","first-page":"1755","article-title":"Renoprotective potential of the ultra-pure lipopolysaccharide from rhodobacter sphaeroides on acutely injured kidneys in an animal model","volume":"76","author":"Aal-Aaboda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Razi Inst."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib37","first-page":"911","article-title":"Effect of lipopolysaccharide from rhodobacter sphaeroides on inflammatory pathway and oxidative stress in renal ischemia\/reperfusion injury in male rats","volume":"76","author":"Aal-Aaboda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Razi Inst."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib38","first-page":"53","article-title":"A protocol to perform systemic lipopolysacharide (LPS) challenge in rats","volume":"21","author":"Karol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Odovtos [Internet]. [cited 2024 Aug 17]"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.69031","article-title":"Dapagliflozin ameliorates lipopolysaccharide related acute kidney injury in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus","volume":"19","author":"Chi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J. Med Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib40","first-page":"339","article-title":"A review on function and side effects of systemic corticosteroids used in high-grade COVID-19 to prevent cytokine storms","volume":"20","author":"Langarizadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"EXCLI J."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib41","first-page":"345","article-title":"Validation studies on blood collection from the jugular vein of conscious mice","volume":"51","author":"Shirasaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Lab Anim. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.07.038","article-title":"Resveratrol potentiates the effect of dexamethasone in rat model of acute lung inflammation","volume":"28","author":"Sadarani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092293","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation as a bridge to understand neurodegeneration","volume":"20","author":"Batista","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"02","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"051","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1693098","article-title":"Fixation and fixatives: roles and functions\u2014a short review","volume":"7","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dent. J. Adv. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib45","unstructured":"Bancroft J.D., Gamble M. Theory and practice of histological techniques: Elsevier health sciences; 2008."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2019.04.045","article-title":"Suppressive effects of sunitinib on a TLR activation-induced cytokine storm","volume":"854","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117502","article-title":"l-theanine alleviates liver and kidney dysfunction in septic rats induced by cecal ligation and puncture","volume":"249","author":"Malko\u00e7","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-500X.119726","article-title":"How to calculate sample size in animal studies?","volume":"4","author":"Charan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.14018","article-title":"The mitigating effect of para-hydroxycinnamic acid in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice through targeting oxidative, inflammatory and fibrotic pathways","volume":"135","author":"Hussein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharm. Toxicol."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13237","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413237","article-title":"Acute effect of caffeine on the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hypothalamus and choroid plexus during endotoxin-induced inflammation in a female sheep model","volume":"22","author":"Szczepkowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202000477","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory properties of rhododendron molle leaf extract in LPS-induced RAW264.7","volume":"17","author":"Zong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153729","article-title":"Dehydrozingerone ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide induced acute respiratory distress syndrome by inhibiting cytokine storm, oxidative stress via modulating the MAPK\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"92","author":"Tirunavalli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytomedicine: Int. J. Phytother. Phytopharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153712","article-title":"Cascade of immune mechanism and consequences of inflammatory disorders","volume":"91","author":"Megha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytomedicine: Int. J. Phytother. Phytopharm."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2762","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092762","article-title":"New Insights into the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: gut-derived lipopolysaccharides and oxidative stress","volume":"12","author":"Ferro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10112921","article-title":"The role of glucocorticoids in inflammatory diseases","volume":"10","author":"Reichardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069636","article-title":"Methylprednisolone stiffens aortas in lipopolysaccharide-induced chronic inflammation in rats","volume":"8","author":"Ko","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E861","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318294892c","article-title":"Effect of infliximab combined with methylprednisolone on expressions of NF-\u03baB, TRADD, and FADD in rat acute spinal cord injury","volume":"38","author":"Chengke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.47652","article-title":"Glucocorticoids improve severe or critical COVID-19 by activating ACE2 and reducing IL-6 levels","volume":"16","author":"Xiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1177\/1074248419883591","article-title":"Prednisone and its active metabolite prednisolone attenuate lipid accumulation in macrophages","volume":"25","author":"Jeries","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-37132014000300006","article-title":"Effects of acute and chronic administration of methylprednisolone on oxidative stress in rat lungs","volume":"40","author":"Torres","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bras. De. Pneumol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.22631\/rr.2020.69997.1102","article-title":"Resolved of respiratory failure following the use pulse-doses of methylprednisolone in a cytokine storm related to 2019 novel coronavirus","volume":"5","author":"Khederlou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2866","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26165","article-title":"Can steroids reverse the severe COVID-19 induced \"cytokine storm\"?","volume":"92","author":"Kolilekas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-018-0343-9","article-title":"Cytokine release syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Shimabukuro-Vornhagen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20194765","article-title":"Corticosteroids in acute lung injury: the dilemma continues","volume":"20","author":"Mokra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S1094-5539(03)00027-0","article-title":"Methylprednisolone effects on oxygenation and histology in a rat model of acute lung injury","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2013.06.009","article-title":"Inhibition of chlorine-induced pulmonary inflammation and edema by mometasone and budesonide","volume":"272","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-016-0251-z","article-title":"Budesonide ameliorates lung injury induced by large volume ventilation","volume":"16","author":"Ju","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Pulm. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2006.09.017","article-title":"The effect of methylprednisolone on warm ischemia-reperfusion injury in the liver","volume":"193","author":"Saidi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2014.06.008","article-title":"The liver protective effect of methylprednisolone on a new experimental acute-on-chronic liver failure model in rats","volume":"46","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2019.12.008","article-title":"Methylprednisolone-related liver injury: a descriptive study using the French pharmacovigilance database","volume":"44","author":"Cottin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.820724","article-title":"Role of corticosteroids in drug-induced liver injury. A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Bj\u00f6rnsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000348","article-title":"Efficacy of rifaximin on circulating endotoxins and cytokines in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"27","author":"Gangarapu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264278","article-title":"The impact of rifaximin on inflammation and metabolism in alcoholic hepatitis: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"17","author":"Kimer","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.09.010","article-title":"Rifaximin-\u03b1 reduces gut-derived inflammation and mucin degradation in cirrhosis and encephalopathy: RIFSYS randomised controlled trial","volume":"76","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2010.08.022","article-title":"Pregnane-X-receptor mediates the anti-inflammatory activities of rifaximin on detoxification pathways in intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"80","author":"Mencarelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem Pharm."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27134069","article-title":"Rifaximin protects against malathion-induced rat testicular toxicity: a possible clue on modulating gut microbiome and inhibition of oxidative stress by mitophagy","volume":"27","author":"Omar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.11776","article-title":"Rifaximin protects SH-SY5Y neuronal cells from iron overload-induced cytotoxicity via inhibiting STAT3\/NF-\u03baB signaling","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib79","article-title":"COVID-19 - more than respiratory disease: a gastroenterologist's perspective","volume":"71","author":"Konturek","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharm."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.11.032","article-title":"Rifaximin-extended intestinal release induces remission in patients with moderately active Crohn's disease","volume":"142","author":"Prantera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101611","article-title":"Effect of rifaximin on gut-lung axis in mice infected with influenza A virus","volume":"75","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02341-18","article-title":"Efficacy of aerosolized rifaximin versus tobramycin for treatment of pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia in mice","volume":"63","author":"Kirby","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-020-10117-y","article-title":"Low-dose rifaximin prevents complications and improves survival in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis","volume":"15","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1756284819858256","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of rifaximin-\u03b1: a 2-year observational study of overt hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"12","author":"Oey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1159\/000358141","article-title":"Is rifaximin effective in maintaining remission in Crohn's disease?","volume":"32","author":"Jigaranu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2004.07.044","article-title":"The effect of methylprednisolone treatment on the cardiopulmonary bypass-induced systemic inflammatory response","volume":"26","author":"Bourbon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2009.02019.x","article-title":"Effects of dexmedetomidine or methylprednisolone on inflammatory responses in spinal cord injury","volume":"53","author":"Can","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-021-00429-9","article-title":"Plasma IL-6 levels following corticosteroid therapy as an indicator of ICU length of stay in critically ill COVID-19 patients","volume":"7","author":"Awasthi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib89","article-title":"The efficacy of combined medication with methylprednisolone and erythropoietin in the treatment of ischemia-reperfusion injury to the spinal cord in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy","volume":"13","author":"Eryilmaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2010.03904.x","article-title":"Effects of pulse methylprednisolone and oral methylprednisolone treatments on serum levels of oxidative stress markers in Graves' ophthalmopathy","volume":"74","author":"Akarsu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01814-4","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of methylprednisolone in hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure: a prospective multi-center clinical trial","volume":"18","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"issue":"48","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8323","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v27.i48.8323","article-title":"Dual therapy with zinc acetate and rifaximin prevents from ethanol-induced liver fibrosis by maintaining intestinal barrier integrity","volume":"27","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000001232","article-title":"Rifaximin in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: hit multiple targets with a single shot","volume":"30","author":"Abdel-Razik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4491","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i25.4491","article-title":"Eubiotic properties of rifaximin: disruption of the traditional concepts in gut microbiota modulation","volume":"23","author":"Ponziani","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G707","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00372.2018","article-title":"Rifaximin prevents ethanol-induced liver injury in obese KK-A(y) mice through modulation of small intestinal microbiota signature","volume":"317","author":"Kitagawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. liver Physiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002575","article-title":"Antibiotics with or without rifaximin for acute hepatic encephalopathy in critically ill patients with cirrhosis: a double-blind, randomized controlled (ARiE) trial","volume":"119","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1290","DOI":"10.14309\/00000434-201710001-02371","article-title":"Weathering the cytokine storm: successful liver transplantation for refractory macrophage activation syndrome: 2017 presidential poster award: 2370","volume":"112","author":"Gudsoorkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15207","article-title":"Effect of rifaximin on infections, acute-on-chronic liver failure and mortality in alcoholic hepatitis: a pilot study (RIFA-AH)","volume":"42","author":"Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Liver Int.: Off. J. Int. Assoc. Study Liver"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib99","first-page":"27","article-title":"Review--antibiotic treatment in inflammatory bowel disease: rifaximin, a new possible approach","volume":"3","author":"Gionchetti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5481","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27175481","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-induced model of neuroinflammation: mechanisms of action, research application and future directions for its use","volume":"27","author":"Skrzypczak-Wiercioch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-024-00412-y","article-title":"Locomotor and gait changes in the LPS model of neuroinflammation are correlated with inflammatory cytokines in blood and brain","volume":"21","author":"Carregosa","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Inflamm."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s44337-024-00114-7","article-title":"Unravelling the neuroinflammatory links in depression: the potential of a lipopolysaccharide preclinical model","volume":"1","author":"Pienaar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Med."}],"container-title":["Toxicology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214750024001914?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214750024001914?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T12:09:05Z","timestamp":1735301345000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2214750024001914"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"references-count":102,"alternative-id":["S2214750024001914"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808","relation":{},"ISSN":["2214-7500"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2214-7500","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Novel therapeutic effects of rifaximin in combination with methylprednisolone for LPS-induced \u200eoxidative stress and inflammation in mice\u200e: \u200eAn in vivo study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Toxicology Reports","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101808","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101808"}}