{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:17:29Z","timestamp":1787163449142,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008091","name":"University of Rochester","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008091","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicology Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:30:37Z","timestamp":1767918637000},"page":"102202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Toxicity and health effects of delta-8, delta-9, and delta-10-tetrahydrocannabinol and unregulated cannabinoids in vaping products"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0315-9507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7030-6749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yehao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0491-3400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rhea","family":"Raghu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8125-8949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parth","family":"Suharu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5623-914X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Effah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2274-2454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irfan","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.1c00290","article-title":"Cannabis vaping: existing and emerging modalities, chemistry, and pulmonary toxicology","volume":"34","author":"Meehan-Atrash","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Res Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.4102","article-title":"Prevalence of adolescent cannabis vaping: a systematic review and meta-analysis of US and Canadian studies","volume":"176","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Pedia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.1c00388","article-title":"Novel \u0394(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol vaporizers contain unlabeled adulterants, unintended byproducts of chemical synthesis, and heavy metals","volume":"35","author":"Meehan-Atrash","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Res Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib4","unstructured":"Prevention CfDCa. Outbreak of Lung Injury Associated with the Use of E-Cigarette, or Vaping, Products 2020 [updated 2.25.2020. Available from: \u3008https:\/\/archive.cdc.gov\/www_cdc_gov\/tobacco\/basic_information\/e-cigarettes\/severe-lung-disease.html\u3009."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.08.021","article-title":"Intravenous haloperidol versus ondansetron for cannabis hyperemesis syndrome (HaVOC): a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"77","author":"Ruberto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2018.1564324","article-title":"The utility of droperidol in the treatment of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome","volume":"57","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2024.112418","article-title":"Prevalence and trends of suspected cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome over an 11-year period in Northern California: an electronic health record study","volume":"263","author":"Costales","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2024.1465728","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: genetic susceptibility to toxic exposure","volume":"6","author":"Russo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Toxicol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1931","article-title":"Pharmacologic treatment of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Richards","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics8020025","article-title":"Chemical constituents involved in e-cigarette, or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI)","volume":"8","author":"Muthumalage","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2023.0266","article-title":"Types and brands of derived psychoactive cannabis products: an online retail assessment, 2023","volume":"9","author":"Rossheim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2019.1634086","article-title":"Cannabis effects on brain structure, function, and cognition: considerations for medical uses of cannabis and its derivatives","volume":"45","author":"Burggren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abus."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2011.01.004","article-title":"Medial temporal structures and memory functions in adolescents with heavy cannabis use","volume":"45","author":"Ashtari","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1159\/000536339","article-title":"Cannabidiol-derived cannabinoids: the unregulated designer drug market following the 2018 farm bill","volume":"7","author":"Zawatsky","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Cannabis Cannabinoids"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X21666230623104624","article-title":"Hexahydrocannabinol pharmacology, toxicology, and analysis: the first evidence for a recent new psychoactive substance","volume":"21","author":"Graziano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.209","article-title":"Clinical and preclinical evidence for functional interactions of cannabidiol and \u03b4(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol","volume":"43","author":"Boggs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252011258","article-title":"Cannabis-based phytocannabinoids: overview, mechanism of action, therapeutic application, production, and affecting environmental factors","volume":"25","author":"Jurga","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.9740\/mhc.2016.11.277","article-title":"Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol: Separating the chemicals from the \"weed,\" a pharmacodynamic discussion","volume":"6","author":"Boggs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ment. Health Clin."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707442","article-title":"The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin","volume":"153","author":"Pertwee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharm."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0703827","article-title":"Separation of cannabinoid receptor affinity and efficacy in delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol side-chain analogues","volume":"132","author":"Griffin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2023.0045","article-title":"Chemistry, crystal structure, and in vitro receptor binding of \u039410-THC isomers","volume":"8","author":"Haghdoost","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01259","article-title":"Cannabinoids and pain: new insights from old molecules","volume":"9","author":"Vu\u010dkovi\u0107","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pharm."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810254","article-title":"Dynamic changes in the endocannabinoid system during the aging process: focus on the middle-age crisis","volume":"23","author":"Nidadavolu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.921493","article-title":"Potency and therapeutic THC and CBD ratios: U.S. cannabis markets overshoot","volume":"13","author":"Pennypacker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811221092506","article-title":"Individual and combined effects of cannabidiol and \u0394(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol on striato-cortical connectivity in the human brain","volume":"36","author":"Wall","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2022.114987","article-title":"Recent challenges and trends in forensic analysis: \u03949-THC isomers pharmacology, toxicology and analysis","volume":"220","author":"La Maida","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2019.114713","article-title":"Cannabidiol differentially regulates basal and LPS-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages, lung epithelial cells, and fibroblasts","volume":"382","author":"Muthumalage","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib28","unstructured":"PubChem. DELTA8-Tetrahydrocannabinol [Available from: \u3008https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/638026\u3009."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29061249","article-title":"Chemistry and pharmacology of delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol","volume":"29","author":"Abdel-Kader","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3915","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15865","article-title":"Review of delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (\u0394(8) -THC): Comparative pharmacology with \u0394(9) -THC","volume":"179","author":"Tagen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib31","unstructured":"PubChem. Dronabinol [Available from: \u3008https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Dronabinol\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib32","series-title":"Neurobiology and Physiology of the Endocannabinoid System","first-page":"379","article-title":"Naturally occurring delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol derivatives and binding to CB1 and CB2 receptors: Linking in the endocannabinoid system","author":"Reyes-Resina","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib33","unstructured":"PubChem. (6AR,9R)-Delta10-thc [Available from: \u3008https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/146639819\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib34","unstructured":"PubChem. (6AR,9S)-Delta10-thc [Available from: \u3008https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/6AR_9S_-Delta10-thc\u3009."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.1c00513","article-title":"\u0394(9)-cis-tetrahydrocannabinol: natural occurrence, chirality, and pharmacology","volume":"84","author":"Schafroth","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2022.0126","article-title":"The dark side of cannabidiol: the unanticipated social and clinical implications of synthetic \u0394(8)-THC","volume":"8","author":"Geci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10170","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.3c05879","article-title":"Ultrafast, selective, and highly sensitive nonchromatographic analysis of fourteen cannabinoids in cannabis extracts, \u03b48-tetrahydrocannabinol synthetic mixtures, and edibles by cyclic ion mobility spectrometry\u2013mass spectrometry","volume":"96","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics8030046","article-title":"Pulmonary toxicity and inflammatory response of e-cigarette vape cartridges containing medium-chain triglycerides oil and vitamin e acetate: implications in the pathogenesis of EVALI","volume":"8","author":"Muthumalage","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dotson S.J. Cannabis Regulations Being Evaded by Use of Novel THC Isomers. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.; 2022.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.pn.2022.06.6.31"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib40","first-page":"171","article-title":"Lung injury from inhaling butane hash oil mimics pneumonia","volume":"26","author":"Anderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir. Med Case Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s42238-023-00191-y","article-title":"Self-reported adverse events associated with \u2206(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta-8-THC) Use","volume":"5","author":"Leas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cannabis Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s42238-021-00115-8","article-title":"Delta-8-THC: delta-9-THC's nicer younger sibling?","volume":"4","author":"Kruger","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cannabis Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(73)90005-1","article-title":"Influence of tetrahydrocannabinols (delta8-THC and delta9-THC) on body weight, food, and water intake in rats","volume":"1","author":"Sj\u00f6d\u00e9n","year":"1973","journal-title":"Pharm. Biochem Behav."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s13659-020-00263-z","article-title":"\u0394 9-tetrahydrocannabinol toxicity and validation of cannabidiol on brain dopamine levels: an assessment on cannabis duplicity","volume":"10","author":"Chetia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Bioprospecting"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Toxicological properties of \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol","volume":"71","author":"\u010cerne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arh. Hig. Rada Toksikol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-55863-5","article-title":"Quantification and prediction of human fetal (-)-\u0394(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol\/(\u00b1)-11-OH-\u0394(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure during pregnancy to inform fetal cannabis toxicity","volume":"16","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2022.110642","article-title":"Investigating the \"two-hit hypothesis\": effects of prenatal maternal immune activation and adolescent cannabis use on neurodevelopment in mice","volume":"120","author":"Guma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01156","article-title":"Single \u03b4(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) dose during brain development affects markers of neurotrophy, oxidative stress, and apoptosis","volume":"10","author":"Philippot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pharm."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59827-1","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptome mapping identifies common and cell-type specific genes affected by acute Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in humans","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib50","first-page":"149","article-title":"Chemistry, metabolism, and toxicology of cannabis: clinical implications","volume":"7","author":"Sharma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iran. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2024.2340115","article-title":"Delta-8 tetrahydrocannabinol, delta-10 tetrahydrocannabinol, and tetrahydrocannabinol-O acetate exposures reported to America's poison centers","volume":"62","author":"Burgess","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol. (Philos. )"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.069294","article-title":"Cannabinoids delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol differentially inhibit the lipopolysaccharide-activated NF-kappaB and interferon-beta\/STAT proinflammatory pathways in BV-2 microglial cells","volume":"285","author":"Kozela","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7376","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32927-4","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of CBD in human microglial cell line infected with HIV-1","volume":"13","author":"Yndart Arias","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84879-2","article-title":"Cannabidiol induces autophagy via ERK1\/2 activation in neural cells","volume":"11","author":"Vrechi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.908198","article-title":"Medical cannabis activity against inflammation: active compounds and modes of action","volume":"13","author":"Anil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharm."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101301","article-title":"Cannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors: the story so far","volume":"23","author":"Shahbazi","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib57","article-title":"Cannabinoids as key regulators of inflammasome signaling: a current perspective","volume":"11","author":"Suryavanshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2020.0105","article-title":"The effects of cannabinoids on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines: a systematic review of in vivo studies","volume":"6","author":"Henshaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16524-w","article-title":"CB(2) receptor activation causes an ERK1\/2-dependent inflammatory response in human RPE cells","volume":"7","author":"Hytti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-02892-1","article-title":"Cannabidiol (CBD): a killer for inflammatory rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts","volume":"11","author":"Lowin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib61","first-page":"589","article-title":"State regulation of hemp cultivation: using the 2018 farm bill to ease the regulatory burden on farmers","volume":"58","author":"Mattingly","year":"2019","journal-title":"U Louisville L Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib62","first-page":"1503","article-title":"Hemp on the horizon: the 2018 farm bill and the future of CBD","volume":"98","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"NCL Rev. Add."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.23-00008","article-title":"Delta-8, Delta-10, HHC, THC-O, THCP, and THCV: what should we call these products?","volume":"84","author":"Rossheim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2021.0097","article-title":"\u0394(8)-THC: legal status, widespread availability, and safety concerns","volume":"6","author":"Babalonis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16142","article-title":"Delta-8 tetrahydrocannabinol: a scoping review and commentary","volume":"118","author":"LoParco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306499","article-title":"The Hemp loophole: a need to clarify the legality of Delta-8-THC and other Hemp-derived tetrahydrocannabinol compounds","volume":"111","author":"Leas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib67","first-page":"195","article-title":"Legal High? The high stakes regulatory questions about Delta-8 THC & other emerging psychoactive cannabinoids","volume":"72","author":"Flomberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wash. UJL Pol. 'Y."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib68","unstructured":"Administration USFD. Warning Letters for Cannabis-Derived Products 2025 [Available from: \u3008https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/public-health-focus\/warning-letters-cannabis-derived-products\u3009."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkac036","article-title":"\u22068-THC, THC-O acetates and CBD-di-O acetate: emerging synthetic cannabinoids found in commercially sold plant material and gummy edibles","volume":"46","author":"Holt","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib70","first-page":"918","article-title":"Estimation of biologically active cannabinoids in Cannabis indica by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)","volume":"19","author":"Qureshi","year":"2012","journal-title":"World Appl. Sci. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib71","series-title":"Hemp Provisions in the House Farm Bill and FY2025 Agriculture Appropriations Bill","author":"Johnson","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib72","series-title":"Proceedings of the Congressional Research Service","first-page":"47659","article-title":"Expiration of the 2018 Farm Bill and Extension in 2024","author":"Monke","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib73","series-title":"The 2024 Farm Bill: H.R. 8467 Compared with Current Law 2024","author":"Aussenberg RAB","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib74","unstructured":"Administration USFD. FDA Regulation of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Products, Including Cannabidiol (CBD). 2025. Available from: \u3008https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/public-health-focus\/fda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-including-cannabidiol-cbd\u3009."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13425","article-title":"The safety and efficacy of low oral doses of cannabidiol: an evaluation of the evidence","volume":"16","author":"Arnold","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11102630","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of cannabis: a comprehensive review of current and future applications","volume":"11","author":"Leinen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2147\/DHPS.S391857","article-title":"Delta-8, a cannabis-derived tetrahydrocannabinol isomer: evaluating case report data in the food and drug administration adverse event reporting system (FAERS) database","volume":"15","author":"Simon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Health Patient Saf."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2017.19.3\/glafaye","article-title":"Cannabis, cannabinoids, and health","volume":"19","author":"Lafaye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dialog. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2013.00130","article-title":"Does cannabidiol protect against adverse psychological effects of THC?","volume":"4","author":"Niesink","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-025-03960-1","article-title":"A comparative toxicological evaluation of emerging nicotine analogs 6-methyl nicotine and nicotinamide: a scoping review","volume":"99","author":"Effah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01481","article-title":"Harmful effects of smoking cannabis: a cerebrovascular and neurological perspective","volume":"10","author":"Archie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01619","article-title":"Pulmonary toxicity and the pathophysiology of electronic cigarette, or vaping product, use associated lung injury","volume":"10","author":"Chand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2022-218743","article-title":"Not all vaping is the same: differential pulmonary effects of vaping cannabidiol versus nicotine","volume":"78","author":"Bhat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1402309","article-title":"Adverse health effects of marijuana use","volume":"370","author":"Volkow","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.006","article-title":"Adolescent exposure to cannabinoids induces long-lasting changes in the response to drugs of abuse of rat midbrain dopamine neurons","volume":"56","author":"Pistis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0000000000000157","article-title":"Haloperidol, a novel treatment for cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Witsil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Ther."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib87","first-page":"571","article-title":"Cannabis hyperemesis syndrome: an update on the pathophysiology and management","volume":"33","author":"Perisetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.82a.14023","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: Marijuana is both antiemetic and proemetic","volume":"82","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cleve Clin. J. Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2021.0046","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome survey and genomic investigation","volume":"7","author":"Russo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2022.2049237","article-title":"Pharmacological management of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: an update of the clinical literature","volume":"23","author":"Burillo-Putze","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharm."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-012-2661-9","article-title":"Interactions between dopamine transporter and cannabinoid receptor ligands in rhesus monkeys","volume":"222","author":"Schulze","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2025.2366","article-title":"Cannabidiol and liver enzyme level elevations in healthy adults: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"185","author":"Florian","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib93","first-page":"817","article-title":"The past and present of serum aminotransferases and the future of liver injury biomarkers","volume":"15","author":"McGill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Excli J."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X17666190603171901","article-title":"Cannabidiol adverse effects and toxicity","volume":"17","author":"Huestis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.630107","article-title":"Cannabidiol modulates mitochondrial redox and dynamics in MCF7 cancer cells: a study using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy of NAD(P)H","volume":"8","author":"Mould","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Biosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10051251","article-title":"Regulatory effects of cannabidiol on mitochondrial functions: a review","volume":"10","author":"Chan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25874","article-title":"Reduced plasma phosphatidylethanolamines in e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI)","volume":"57","author":"McGraw","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pedia Pulmonol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202209-796ST","article-title":"The e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury epidemic: pathogenesis, management, and future directions: an official american thoracic society workshop report","volume":"20","author":"Rebuli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00639-2021","article-title":"Noninvasive systemic biomarkers of e-cigarette or vaping use-associated lung injury: a pilot study","volume":"8","author":"Podguski","year":"2022","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106800","article-title":"Cannabis vaping among adults in the United States: prevalence, trends, and association with high-risk behaviors and adverse respiratory conditions","volume":"153","author":"Boakye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev. Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxaa016","article-title":"Cannabis vaping: understanding the health risks of a rapidly emerging trend","volume":"25","author":"Chadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Paediatr. Child Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.4744","article-title":"Fine particulate matter exposure from secondhand cannabis bong smoking","volume":"5","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2019.105487","article-title":"Comparison of particle size distributions and volatile organic compounds exhaled by e-cigarette and cigarette users","volume":"141","author":"Papaefstathiou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib104","article-title":"Measuring indoor fine particle concentrations, emission rates, and decay rates from cannabis use in a residence","volume":"10","author":"Ott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ. X"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2021-217041","article-title":"Secondhand nicotine vaping at home and respiratory symptoms in young adults","volume":"77","author":"Islam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10032","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c14328","article-title":"Secondhand exposure to simulated cannabis vaping aerosols","volume":"59","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.10.005","article-title":"Secondhand exposure to aerosols from electronic nicotine delivery systems and asthma exacerbations among youth with asthma","volume":"155","author":"Bayly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13710","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids","volume":"84","author":"Lucas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharm."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.7326\/M24-0638","article-title":"Regulatory framework for cannabis: a position paper from the american college of physicians","volume":"177","author":"Crowley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib110","article-title":"Prevalence of and trends in current cannabis use among US youth and adults, 2013-2022","volume":"12","author":"Mattingly","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend. Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15253","article-title":"Changes in delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) concentrations in cannabis over time: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"116","author":"Freeman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib112","unstructured":"Volkow N. National Institute on Drug Abuse. 2025. Available from: \u3008https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/about-nida\/noras-blog\/2025\/01\/new-roadmap-cannabis-cannabis-policy-research\u3009."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntae107","article-title":"The role of e-cigarette packaging as a health communications tool: a focus group study with adolescents and adults in England and Scotland","volume":"27","author":"Jones","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2017.03.007","article-title":"CB(1) and CB(2) receptor pharmacology","volume":"80","author":"Howlett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib115","first-page":"294","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptors in the central nervous system: their signaling and roles in disease","volume":"10","author":"Kendall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28165980","article-title":"Molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of cannabidiol","volume":"28","author":"Martinez Naya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"}],"container-title":["Toxicology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214750026000041?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214750026000041?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T11:27:05Z","timestamp":1786534025000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2214750026000041"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":116,"alternative-id":["S2214750026000041"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202","relation":{},"ISSN":["2214-7500"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2214-7500","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Toxicity and health effects of delta-8, delta-9, and delta-10-tetrahydrocannabinol and unregulated cannabinoids in vaping products","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Toxicology Reports","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102202","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102202"}}