{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T20:30:56Z","timestamp":1793651456036,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003668","name":"Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food Agriculture and Forestry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014189","name":"Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture and Forestry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014189","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003624","name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["322025-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["322025-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003624","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicology Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:49:40Z","timestamp":1791319780000},"page":"102352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Oral toxicity study of kestose, a key prebiotic component of fructooligosaccharide, in Sprague-Dawley rats: A 90-day repeated dose study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Soonok","family":"Sa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyoung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MinHee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"HyeYoung","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"GiYong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ChangYul","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JiSun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib1","unstructured":"FDA. GRAS Notice (GRN) No. 000990 (Short-chain fructooligosaccharides), 08 10 2021, https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/154596. Accessed October 12, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib2","unstructured":"FDA. GRAS Notice (GRN) No. 001006 (Short-chain fructooligosaccharides), 19 01 2022, https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/155444. Accessed October 12, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib3","unstructured":"FDA. GRAS Notice (GRN) No. 001242 (Short-chain fructooligosaccharides), 14 07 2025, https:\/\/downloads.regulations.gov\/FDA-2025-N-1927-0088\/attachment_1.pdf. Accessed October 12, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib4","series-title":"Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics: technological advancements towards safety and industrial applications","article-title":"C. Aguilar, Fructooligosaccharides as prebiotics, their metabolism, and health benefits","author":"de la Rosa","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3390\/foods7090140","article-title":"1-Kestose, the smallest fructooligosaccharide component, which efficiently stimulates Faecalibacterium prausnitzii as well as bifidobacteria in humans","volume":"7","author":"Tochio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/07388551.2020.1844622","article-title":"Insight into the effects and biotechnological production of kestoses, the smallest fructooligosaccharides","volume":"41","author":"Ni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2009.03295.x","article-title":"Clinical effects of kestose, a prebiotic oligosaccharide, on the treatment of atopic dermatitis in infants","volume":"39","author":"Shibata","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1383779","article-title":"Advanced fructo-oligosaccharides improve itching and aberrant epidermal lipid composition in children with atopic dermatitis","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2021.104650","article-title":"Kestose-enriched fructo-oligosaccharide alleviates atopic dermatitis by modulating the gut microbiome and immune response","volume":"85","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1006\/rtph.1999.1349","article-title":"Evaluation of safety of inulin and oligofructose as dietary fiber","volume":"30","author":"Carabin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Safety evaluation of fructooligosaccharide (FOSSENCETM): acute, 14-day, and subchronic oral toxicity study in Wistar rats","volume":"2","author":"Jain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib12","unstructured":"OECD. Test No. 408: Repeated dose 90-day oral toxicity study in rodents. OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals, Section 4. Paris: OECD Publishing (2018), doi.org\/10.1787\/9789264070707-en."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib13","unstructured":"International Council for harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). Validation of analytical procedures: Text and methodology Q2(R1). https:\/\/database.ich.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Q2_R1__Guideline.pdf. Accessed March 3, (2026)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/28378083.2025.2462931","article-title":"Development and validation of an HPLC analytical method for the simultaneous estimation of vitamin B12 and folic acid","volume":"2","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Essent. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2016.08.001","article-title":"The standardized functional observational batter: its intrinsic value remains in the instrument of measure: the rat","volume":"82","author":"Gauvin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Toxciol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-025-03642-5","article-title":"Applying the 3Rs to urinalysis assessments in toxicity studies: refining procedure and adopting a case-by-case approach","volume":"34","author":"Passini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14112220","article-title":"vivo toxicity and pharmacokinetics of polytetrafluorethylene microplastics in ICR mice","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623315570339","article-title":"Vaginal cytology of the laboratory rat and mouse-review and criteria for the staging of the estrus cycle using stained vaginal smears","volume":"43","author":"Cora","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)29409-5","article-title":"Factors affecting the production and accumulation of uterine luminal fluid in the rat","volume":"184","author":"Conner","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Phmarcol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3109\/10915818809019540","article-title":"Toxicological evaluation of neosugar: genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and chronic toxicity","volume":"7","author":"Clevenger","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Am. Col. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251135","article-title":"Empagliflozin ameliorates symptoms of diabestes and renal tubular dysfunction in rat model of diabetes with enlarged kidney (DEK)","volume":"16","author":"Domon","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS. ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib22","article-title":"Effects of hydration in rats and mice with polycystic kidney disease","volume":"308","author":"Hopp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.12.022","article-title":"Metabolism of sugars: a window to the regulaiton of homeostasis by splanchnic organs","volume":"40","author":"Tappy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.JPBS_239_19","article-title":"Standardization of type 1 and type 2 diabetic nephropathy models in rats: assessment and characterization of metabolic features and renal injury","volume":"12","author":"Kaikini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioall Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib25","series-title":"Curr. Protoc. Phamacol.","article-title":"The Irwin test and finctional observational battery (FOB) for assessing the effects of compounds on behavior, physiology, and safety phamacology in rodents","author":"Mathiasen","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2005.04.005","article-title":"Spectrum of effects detected in the rat functional observational battery following oral administration of no-CNS target compounds","volume":"52","author":"Redfern","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2024.70.9.2","article-title":"Fuctional observation battery (FOB) tests using caffeine and chlorpromazine hydrochloride in sprague-dawley rats","volume":"70","author":"Baskaran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23781","article-title":"Phlpp inhitors block pain and cartilage degradation associated with osteoarthritis","volume":"36","author":"Hwang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2007.12.004","article-title":"Rodent diagnostoc testing","volume":"17","author":"Jenkins","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exot. Pet. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1159\/000495750","article-title":"A novel model of chronic kidney disease in rats: dietary adenine in combination with unilateral nephrectomy","volume":"5","author":"Abell\u00e1n","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/976209","article-title":"The spontaneously diabetic torii rat: an animal model of nonobese type-2 diabetes with severe diabetic complications","volume":"2013","author":"Sasase","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib32","series-title":"Endocrine System","first-page":"161","article-title":"Cysts, pituitary; rat, mouse, and hamster","author":"Carlton","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14S","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623312438736","article-title":"Proliferative and nonproliferative lesions of the rat and mouse urinary system","volume":"40","author":"Frazier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5S","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623310386499","article-title":"Proliferative and nonproliferative lesions of the rat and mouse hepatobiliary system","volume":"38","author":"Thoolen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20655","article-title":"Origin of the ultimobranchial body cyst","volume":"235","author":"Kusakabe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib36","series-title":"Pathology of the Fischer rat: reference and Atlas","first-page":"519","article-title":"Thyroid gland","author":"Hardisty","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-017-9790-9","article-title":"Gene network analysis of interstitial macrophages after treatment with induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-cm) in the bleomycin injured rat lung","volume":"14","author":"Tam\u00f2","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell. Rev. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623309353423","article-title":"Proilferative and nonproliferative lesions of the rat and mouse respiratory tract","volume":"37","author":"Renne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352_bib39","unstructured":"National Research Council (US) Committee on Infectious Diseases of Mice and Rats. Infectious diseases of mice and rats. Washongton (DC): National Academic Press (1991) P. 33-84."}],"container-title":["Toxicology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S221475002600154X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S221475002600154X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T20:05:15Z","timestamp":1793649915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S221475002600154X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["S221475002600154X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352","relation":{},"ISSN":["2214-7500"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2214-7500","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Oral toxicity study of kestose, a key prebiotic component of fructooligosaccharide, in Sprague-Dawley rats: A 90-day repeated dose study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Toxicology Reports","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxrep.2026.102352","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102352"}}