{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T19:10:11Z","timestamp":1758568211807,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007225","name":"Universidade de Lisboa Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007225","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-029161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-029161"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Theoretical Population Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T13:48:47Z","timestamp":1707227327000},"page":"77-92","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Pneumococcus and the stress-gradient hypothesis: A trade-off links <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" altimg=\"si64.svg\" display=\"inline\" id=\"d1e2476\"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>R<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msub><\/mml:math> and susceptibility to co-colonization across countries"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"156","author":[{"given":"Ermanda","family":"Dekaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0493-3102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erida","family":"Gjini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00158-22","article-title":"Serotype-dependent effects on the dynamics of pneumococcal colonization and implications for transmission","author":"Abruzzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mbio"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199363","article-title":"Pneumococcal carriage and serotype distribution among children with and without pneumonia in Mozambique, 2014-2016","volume":"13","author":"Adebanjo","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12076","article-title":"Multiple infections and the evolution of virulence","volume":"16","author":"Alizon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5638","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1014428108","article-title":"A competitive network theory of species diversity","volume":"108","author":"Allesina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp351","article-title":"Between-strain competition in acquisition and clearance of pneumococcal carriage? Epidemiologic evidence from a longitudinal study of day-care children","volume":"171","author":"Auranen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70241-9","article-title":"Prevalence and implications of multiple-strain infections","volume":"11","author":"Balmer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(94)90088-4","article-title":"Positive interactions in communities","volume":"9","author":"Bertness","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(04)00938-7","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation: The key to pneumococcal disease","volume":"4","author":"Bogaert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2004.06.019","article-title":"Mosaic genes and mosaic chromosomes\u2013genomic variation in Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"294","author":"Br\u00fcckner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01877-08","article-title":"Detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae strain cocolonization in the nasopharynx","volume":"47","author":"Brugger","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s12080-019-00447-5","article-title":"Cooperation and stability for complex systems in resource-limited environments","volume":"13","author":"Butler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theor. Ecol."},{"issue":"6891","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00812","article-title":"Positive interactions among alpine plants increase with stress","volume":"417","author":"Callaway","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(1997)078[1958:CAFASA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Competition and facilitation: A synthetic approach to interactions in plant communities","volume":"78","author":"Callaway","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.587730","article-title":"Carriage dynamics of pneumococcal serotypes in naturally colonized infants in a rural African setting during the first year of life","volume":"8","author":"Chaguza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pediatrics"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12279","article-title":"How context dependent are species interactions?","volume":"17","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"issue":"43","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.08.073","article-title":"Using pneumococcal carriage studies to monitor vaccine impact in low-and middle-income countries","volume":"37","author":"Chan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"5984","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1187820","article-title":"Stochastic community assembly causes higher biodiversity in more productive environments","volume":"328","author":"Chase","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1006\/tpbi.1994.1013","article-title":"Multispecies competition in variable environments","volume":"45","author":"Chesson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Theor. Popul. Biol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05757.x","article-title":"Competence-induced fratricide in Streptococci","volume":"64","author":"Claverys","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01718.x","article-title":"Adaptation to the environment: Streptococcus pneumoniae, a paradigm for recombination-mediated genetic plasticity?","volume":"35","author":"Claverys","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"issue":"4335","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1126\/science.199.4335.1302","article-title":"Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs: High diversity of trees and corals is maintained only in a nonequilibrium state","volume":"199","author":"Connell","year":"1978","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0786-x","article-title":"Within-host dynamics shape antibiotic resistance in commensal bacteria","volume":"3","author":"Davies","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-490","article-title":"Penicillin resistance and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Ghanaian children less than six years of age","volume":"13","author":"Dayie","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1812388116","article-title":"Unraveling the seasonal epidemiology of pneumococcus","volume":"116","author":"de Cell\u00e8s","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110777","article-title":"Bacterial load of pneumococcal serotypes correlates with their prevalence and multiple serotypes is associated with acute respiratory infections among children less than 5 years of age","volume":"9","author":"Dhoubhadel","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0030-1299.2008.16772.x","article-title":"Increasing intraspecific facilitation in exposed environments: Consistent results from mountain birch populations in two subarctic stress gradients","volume":"117","author":"Er\u00e4nen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-69","article-title":"Dynamics of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage in healthy children attending a day care center in Northern Spain, influence of detection techniques on the results","volume":"12","author":"Ercibengoa","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"48","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14888","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1505587112","article-title":"The extent of functional redundancy changes as species? Roles shift in different environments","volume":"112","author":"Fetzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00024-15","article-title":"Pneumococcal capsules and their types: Past, present, and future","volume":"28","author":"Geno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02955-y","article-title":"Geographic variation in pneumococcal vaccine efficacy estimated from dynamic modeling of epidemiological data post-pcv7","volume":"7","author":"Gjini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8456","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.7259","article-title":"The ratio of single to co-colonization is key to complexity in interacting systems with multiple strains","volume":"11","author":"Gjini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2015.09.031","article-title":"How direct competition shapes coexistence and vaccine effects in multi-strain pathogen systems","volume":"388","author":"Gjini","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Theoret. Biol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b33","first-page":"501","article-title":"Multiple colonization of the upper respiratory tract of papua new guinea children with Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"20","author":"Gratten","year":"1989","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.06.005","article-title":"The nature and consequences of coinfection in humans","volume":"63","author":"Griffiths","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18529-y","article-title":"Macroecological laws describe variation and diversity in microbial communities","volume":"11","author":"Grilli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"5396","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1038\/242344a0","article-title":"Competitive exclusion in herbaceous vegetation","volume":"242","author":"Grime","year":"1973","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu393","article-title":"Circlize implements and enhances circular visualization in r","volume":"30","author":"Gu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b38","first-page":"677","article-title":"Pneumococcal carriage amongst Australian Aborigines in Alice Springs, northern territory","volume":"95","author":"Hansman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"issue":"40","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b39","article-title":"A pneumococcal carriage study in Danish pre-school children before the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination","volume":"6","author":"Harboe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Open Microbiol. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12080","article-title":"Global shifts towards positive species interactions with increasing environmental stress","volume":"16","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"year":"2007","series-title":"Comparative genomic analyses of seventeen Streptococcus pneumoniae strains: Insights into the pneumococcal supragenome","author":"Hiller","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b41"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001059","article-title":"Cocolonization of pneumococcal serotypes in healthy children attending day care centers: Molecular versus conventional methods","volume":"35","author":"Hj\u00e1lmarsd\u00f3ttir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatric Infect. Dis. J."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002540","article-title":"Resource availability modulates the cooperative and competitive nature of a microbial cross-feeding mutualism","volume":"14","author":"Hoek","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114286","article-title":"Multi-serotype pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage prevalence in vaccine naive nepalese children, assessed using molecular serotyping","volume":"10","author":"Kandasamy","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-2103-0","article-title":"Pneumococcal carriage and antibiotic susceptibility patterns from two cross-sectional colonization surveys among children aged< 5 years prior to the introduction of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine\u2013Kenya, 2009\u20132010","volume":"17","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.02989","article-title":"Evolution of resource use along a gradient of stress leads to increased facilitation","volume":"125","author":"Lawrence","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s00285-023-01977-7","article-title":"Quasi-neutral dynamics in a coinfection system with n strains and asymmetries along multiple traits","volume":"87","author":"Le","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Math. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b48","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spatiotemporal evolution of coinfection dynamics: A reaction\u2013diffusion model","author":"Le","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dynam. Differential Equations"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2022.111041","article-title":"Disentangling how multiple traits drive 2 strain frequencies in sis dynamics with coinfection","volume":"538","author":"Le","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Theoret. Biol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06384-11","article-title":"Sequetyping: Serotyping Streptococcus pneumoniae by a single pcr sequencing strategy","volume":"50","author":"Leung","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e213","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30660-1","article-title":"Making sense of differences in pneumococcal serotype replacement","volume":"19","author":"Lewnard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.06.048","article-title":"Prevalence of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization and serotypes circulating in cameroonian children after the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction","volume":"98","author":"Libwea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31824f2f32","article-title":"Estimating rates of carriage acquisition and clearance and competitive ability for pneumococcal serotypes in Kenya with a Markov transition model","volume":"23","author":"Lipsitch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)"},{"issue":"142","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b54","article-title":"Predicting n-strain coexistence from co-colonization interactions: Epidemiology meets ecology and the replicator equation","volume":"82","author":"Madec","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2008.01476.x","article-title":"Refining the stress-gradient hypothesis for competition and facilitation in plant communities","volume":"97","author":"Maestre","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b56","article-title":"Characterization of pneumococcal colonization dynamics and antimicrobial resistance using shotgun metagenomic sequencing in intensively sampled South African infants","volume":"543","author":"Manenzhe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00200","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00200-12","article-title":"High levels of genetic recombination during nasopharyngeal carriage and biofilm formation in Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"3","author":"Marks","year":"2012","journal-title":"MBio"},{"issue":"1361","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1995.0138","article-title":"Coinfection and the evolution of parasite virulence","volume":"261","author":"May","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2011.00209.x","article-title":"Shifting species interactions in terrestrial dryland ecosystems under altered water availability and climate change","volume":"87","author":"McCluney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"issue":"1670","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0342","article-title":"Carriage burden, multiple colonization and antibiotic pressure promote emergence of resistant vaccine escape pneumococci","volume":"370","author":"Mitchell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"Supplement_8","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1006","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/12.Supplement_8.S1006","article-title":"Bacterial colonization of tbe upper respiratory tract and its association witb acute lower respiratory tract infections in higbland cbildren of papua new guinea","volume":"12","author":"Montgomery","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.07.038","article-title":"A key presynaptic role in transformation for a widespread bacterial protein: Dpra conveys incoming ssdna to reca","volume":"130","author":"Mortier-Barri\u00e8re","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.1998.0793","article-title":"Evolution of virulence: A unified framework for coinfection and superinfection","volume":"195","author":"Mosquera","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Theoret. Biol."},{"issue":"6092","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1220529","article-title":"Diversity of interaction types and ecological community stability","volume":"337","author":"Mougi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b65","first-page":"ofy039","article-title":"Dynamics of colonization of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains in healthy Peruvian children","volume":"vol. 5","author":"Nelson","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.12040","article-title":"Estimating the transmission dynamics of Streptococcus pneumoniae from strain prevalence data","volume":"69","author":"Numminen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"9693","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61204-6","article-title":"Burden of disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children younger than 5 years: Global estimates","volume":"374","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05761-6","article-title":"Increased investment in gametocytes in asymptomatic plasmodium falciparum infections in the wet season","volume":"21","author":"Oduma","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-180","article-title":"Comparative analysis of Streptococcus pneumoniae transmission in Portuguese and finnish day-care centres","volume":"13","author":"Pessoa","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"32","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15979","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1906172116","article-title":"Toxicity drives facilitation between 4 bacterial species","volume":"116","author":"Piccardi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2001.930104.x","article-title":"Changes in plant interactions along a gradient of environmental stress","volume":"93","author":"Pugnaire","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.7.2903-2913.2005","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae in eight European countries from 2001 to 2003","volume":"49","author":"Reinert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicro. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.006726-0","article-title":"Multiplex pcr reveals a high rate of nasopharyngeal pneumococcal 7-valent conjugate vaccine serotypes co-colonizing indigenous warao children in Venezuela","volume":"58","author":"Rivera-Olivero","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1247-5","article-title":"Carriage and invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Caracas, Venezuela: The relative invasiveness of serotypes and vaccine coverage","volume":"30","author":"Rivera-Olivero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268817000449","article-title":"Pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage among children in Brazil prior to the introduction of the 10-valent conjugate vaccine: A culture-and pcr-based survey","volume":"145","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02775.x","article-title":"Changes in pneumococcal serotypes and antibiotypes carried by vaccinated and unvaccinated day-care centre attendees in Portugal, a country with widespread use of the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine","volume":"15","author":"S\u00e1-Le\u00e3o","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.11.040","article-title":"Detection of co-colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae by algorithmic use of conventional and molecular methods","volume":"33","author":"Saha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000732","article-title":"Widespread sharing of pneumococcal strains in a rural African setting: Proximate villages are more likely to share similar strains that are carried at multiple timepoints","volume":"8","author":"Senghore","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbial Genomics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2012.11.005","article-title":"Influence of bacterial interactions on pneumococcal colonization of the nasopharynx","volume":"21","author":"Shak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2013.28.1.4","article-title":"Clinical implications of pneumococcal serotypes: Invasive disease potential, clinical presentations, and antibiotic resistance","volume":"28","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.10.020","article-title":"Natural transformation and genome evolution in Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"33","author":"Straume","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4254-2","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes among children in India prior to the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines: A cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Sutcliffe","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1086\/322048","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in finnish children younger than 2 years old","volume":"184","author":"Syrj\u00e4nen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1086\/343824","article-title":"Antimicrobial use and serotype distribution of nasopharyngeal Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates recovered from Greek children younger than 2 years old","volume":"35","author":"Syrogiannopoulos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3780","DOI":"10.9734\/ARRB\/2014\/6608","article-title":"Multiplex pcr assay for detection of pneumococcal serotypes in nasopharyngeal samples of healthy children; Tehran, 2009-2010","author":"Tabatabaei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Res. Rev. Biol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00902","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00902-15","article-title":"Effect of serotype on pneumococcal competition in a mouse colonization model","volume":"6","author":"Trzci\u0144ski","year":"2015","journal-title":"MBio"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030235","article-title":"Decrease in pneumococcal co-colonization following vaccination with the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine","volume":"7","author":"Valente","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00435-09","article-title":"Impact of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccination program on carriage among children in Norway","volume":"17","author":"Vestrheim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.03.087","article-title":"Effectiveness of a 2+ 1 dose schedule pneumococcal conjugate vaccination programme on invasive pneumococcal disease among children in Norway","volume":"26","author":"Vestrheim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0001-8","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae: Transmission, colonization and invasion","volume":"16","author":"Weiser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00055","article-title":"Characterization of the competitive pneumocin peptides of Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"9","author":"Wholey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09488-z","article-title":"Pneumococcal carriage in unvaccinated children at the time of vaccine implementation into the national immunization program in Poland","volume":"12","author":"Wr\u00f3bel-Pawelczyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23809","article-title":"Molecular surveillance of nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in children vaccinated with conjugated polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccines","volume":"6","author":"Wyllie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001_b94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.78.031924","article-title":"Rank abundance relations in evolutionary dynamics of random replicators","volume":"78","author":"Yoshino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"}],"container-title":["Theoretical Population Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0040580924000108?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0040580924000108?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T18:52:44Z","timestamp":1758567164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0040580924000108"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"references-count":94,"alternative-id":["S0040580924000108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001","relation":{"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"uri","id":"https:\/\/datadryad.org\/stash\/share\/Y1K4GdYVtlEo_BIHj3JZ5970RatLOAYYS-L9JuUZLMw","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["0040-5809"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0040-5809"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pneumococcus and the stress-gradient hypothesis: A trade-off links  and susceptibility to co-colonization across countries","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Theoretical Population Biology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tpb.2024.02.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}