{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T21:01:43Z","timestamp":1773954103063,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T01:11:22Z","timestamp":1603415482000},"page":"102585","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Marginal emission factors for public transit: Effects of urban scale and density"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Bigazzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102585_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2014.03.005","article-title":"Investigating the isolated and combined effects of congestion, roadway grade, passenger load, and alternative fuels on transit bus emissions","volume":"29","author":"Alam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transportation Res. Part D: Transport and Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102585_b0010","series-title":"Energy consumption and related air pollution for Scandinavian electric passenger trains (KTH\/AVE 2006:46)","author":"Andersson","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102585_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.03.172","article-title":"Comparison of marginal and average emission factors for passenger transportation modes","volume":"242","author":"Bigazzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102585_b0020","unstructured":"Cambridge Systematics. (2009). Moving Cooler: An analysis of transportation strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions (No. 9780874201185; p. 97). Urban Land Institute."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102585_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark, N., Khan, A. S., Wayne, W. S., Gautam, M., Thompson, G. J., McKain, D. L., Lyons, D. W., & Barnett, R. (2007). Weight Effect on Emissions and Fuel Consumption from Diesel and Lean-Burn Natural Gas Transit Buses. SAE Technical Paper, 2007-01\u20133626. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2007-01-3626.","DOI":"10.4271\/2007-01-3626"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102585_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.11.006","article-title":"Metropolitan density, energy efficiency and carbon emissions: Multi-attribute tradeoffs and their policy implications","volume":"53","author":"Clark","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102585_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3141\/2340-03","article-title":"Meta-analysis of transit bus exhaust emissions","volume":"2340","author":"Cooper","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102585_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v027.i02","article-title":"Panel data econometrics in R: The plm package","volume":"27","author":"Croissant","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102585_b0045","series-title":"Transportation Energy Data Book","author":"Davis","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102585_b0050","unstructured":"Environment and Climate Change Canada. (2018). Greenhouse gas sources and sinks: Executive summary 2018. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/environment-climate-change\/services\/climate-change\/greenhouse-gas-emissions\/sources-sinks-executive-summary-2018.html#trends."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102585_b0055","unstructured":"Federal Transit Administration. (n.d.). The National Transit Database (NTD). Retrieved December 21, 2017, from https:\/\/www.transit.dot.gov\/ntd."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102585_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2007.03.003","article-title":"Comparing real-world fuel consumption for diesel- and hydrogen-fueled transit buses and implication for emissions","volume":"12","author":"Frey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transportation Res. Part D: Transport and Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102585_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1080\/01944363.2011.589767","article-title":"Cost of a ride: the effects of densities on fixed-guideway transit ridership and costs","volume":"77","author":"Guerra","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Planning Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102585_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2014.01.024","article-title":"The influence of urban form on GHG emissions in the U.S. household sector","volume":"68","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102585_b0075","unstructured":"R Core Team, 2016. R: A language and environment for statistical computing (Version 3.3.0) [Computer software]. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. http:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102585_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2011.10.028","article-title":"The complexity and challenges of determining GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions from grid electricity consumption and conservation in LCA (life cycle assessment) \u2013 A methodological review","volume":"36","author":"Soimakallio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102585_b0085","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2015, August 10. Greenhouse Gases Equivalencies Calculator\u2014Calculations and References [Data and Tools]. US EPA. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/energy\/greenhouse-gases-equivalencies-calculator-calculations-and-references."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102585_b0090","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2017. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks [Reports and Assessments]. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ghgemissions\/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102585_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2020.117613","article-title":"Factors affecting variability in fossil-fueled transit bus emission rates","volume":"233","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102585_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.09.096","article-title":"Improving urban bus emission and fuel consumption modeling by incorporating passenger load factor for real world driving","volume":"161","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"issue":"Supplement C","key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102585_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.09.017","article-title":"Real-world fuel consumption and CO2 emissions of urban public buses in Beijing","volume":"113","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"}],"container-title":["Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1361920920307720?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1361920920307720?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T19:12:53Z","timestamp":1761246773000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1361920920307720"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"references-count":21,"alternative-id":["S1361920920307720"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102585","relation":{},"ISSN":["1361-9209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1361-9209","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Marginal emission factors for public transit: Effects of urban scale and density","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102585","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102585"}}