{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T03:36:56Z","timestamp":1782272216600,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T19:01:21Z","timestamp":1640286081000},"page":"103134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":210,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Mode choice, substitution patterns and environmental impacts of shared and personal micro-mobility"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Reck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kay W.","family":"Axhausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2020.04.005","article-title":"Dockless E-scooter usage patterns and urban built Environments: A comparison study of Austin, TX, and Minneapolis, MN","volume":"20","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel Behav. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2018.11.011","article-title":"Modeling competing free-floating carsharing operators - A case study for Zurich, Switzerland","volume":"98","author":"Balac","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transport. Res. Part C: Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0015","first-page":"228","article-title":"Assessing the welfare impacts of shared mobility and Mobility as a Service (MaaS)","volume":"131","author":"Becker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transport. Res. Part A: Policy Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.122898","article-title":"Consequential LCA for territorial and multimodal transportation policies: method and application to the free-floating e-scooter disruption in Paris","volume":"273","author":"de Bortoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cleaner Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.102883","article-title":"Electric bike-sharing services mode substitution for driving, public transit, and cycling","volume":"96","author":"Bieli\u0144ski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transport. Res. Part D: Transp. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102412","article-title":"Electric bicycle mode substitution for driving, public transit, conventional cycling, and walking","volume":"85","author":"Bigazzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transport. Res. Part D: Transp. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2020.100910","article-title":"The impact of e-cycling on travel behaviour: A scoping review","volume":"19","author":"Bourne","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transport & Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2016.03.004","article-title":"Factors influencing the choice of shared bicycles and shared electric bikes in Beijing","volume":"67","author":"Campbell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transport. Res. Part C: Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102396","article-title":"Spatial associations of dockless shared e-scooter usage","volume":"86","author":"Caspi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transport. Res. Part D: Transp. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.102708","article-title":"Who is using e-scooters and how? Evidence from Paris","volume":"92","author":"Christoforou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transport. Res. Part D: Transp. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2019.04.006","article-title":"A model framework for discovering the spatio-temporal usage patterns of public free-floating bike-sharing system","volume":"103","author":"Du","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transport. Res. Part C: Emerg. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-015-9669-z","article-title":"Effects of built environment and weather on bike sharing demand: a station level analysis of commercial bike sharing in Toronto","volume":"44","author":"El-Assi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0065","article-title":"Patterns of E-Scooter Use in Combination with Public Transport","author":"Fearnley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Find."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1080\/01441647.2013.775612","article-title":"Bike share: a synthesis of the literature","volume":"33","author":"Fishman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2014.05.013","article-title":"Bike share\u2019s impact on car use: Evidence from the United States, Great Britain, and Australia","volume":"31","author":"Fishman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transport. Res. Part D: Transp. Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1080\/01441647.2015.1033036","article-title":"Bikeshare: A review of recent literature","volume":"36","author":"Fishman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.102990","article-title":"Factors influencing dock-less E-bike-share mode substitution: Evidence from Sacramento, California","volume":"99","author":"Fukushige","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transport. Res. Part D: Transp. Environ."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-014-9540-7","article-title":"The impact of weather conditions on bikeshare trips in Washington, DC","volume":"41","author":"Gebhart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198119836762","article-title":"Electric bicycle-sharing: a new competitor in the urban transportation market? An empirical analysis of transaction data","volume":"2673","author":"Guidon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2020.102692","article-title":"Expanding a(n) (electric) bicycle-sharing system to a new city: Prediction of demand with spatial regression and random forests","volume":"84","author":"Guidon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2021.01.003","article-title":"Scoot over: Determinants of shared electric scooter presence in Washington D.C.","volume":"9","author":"Hawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Studies on Transp. Policy"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198119838981","article-title":"Factors influencing electric bike share ridership: analysis of Park City, Utah","volume":"2673","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transport. Res. Rec."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022558715350","article-title":"The mixed logit model: the state of practice","volume":"30","author":"Hensher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocm.2019.100170","article-title":"Apollo: a flexible, powerful and customisable freeware package for choice model estimation and application","volume":"32","author":"Hess","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Choice Model."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2004.10.005","article-title":"On the use of a Modified Latin Hypercube Sampling (MLHS) method in the estimation of a Mixed Logit model for vehicle choice","volume":"40","author":"Hess","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transport. Res. Part B: Methodol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2021.102974","article-title":"Simulation of price, customer behaviour and system impact for a cost-covering automated taxi system in Zurich","volume":"123","author":"H\u00f6rl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transport. Res. Part C: Emerg. Technol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"084031","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab2da8","article-title":"Are e-scooters polluters? The environmental impacts of shared dockless electric scooters","volume":"14","author":"Hollingsworth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0140","series-title":"The multi-agent transport simulation MATSim","author":"Horni","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0145","series-title":"Good to Go?","author":"ITF","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2017.04.036","article-title":"To what extent do e-bikes substitute travel by other modes? Evidence from the Netherlands","volume":"53","author":"Kroesen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transport. Res. Part D: Transp. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2020.102874","article-title":"Survey of E-scooter users in Vienna: Who they are and how they ride","volume":"89","author":"Laa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2019.102620","article-title":"Micromobility evolution and expansion: Understanding how docked and dockless bikesharing models complement and compete - A case study of San Francisco","volume":"84","author":"Lazarus","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126423","article-title":"High-resolution assessment of environmental benefits of dockless bike-sharing systems based on transaction data","volume":"296","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cleaner Prod."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3141\/2468-14","article-title":"Electric bikes in North America: Results of an online survey","volume":"2468","author":"MacArthur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0175","first-page":"1","article-title":"Designing a large-scale public transport network using agent-based microsimulation","volume":"137","author":"Manser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transport. Res. Part A: Policy Pract."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0180","first-page":"44","article-title":"Analysis of E-scooter trips and their temporal usage patterns","volume":"89","author":"Mathew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inst. Transport. Eng. ITE J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1255(200009\/10)15:5<447::AID-JAE570>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Mixed MNL models for discrete response","volume":"15","author":"McFadden","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2019.05.007","article-title":"Spatiotemporal comparative analysis of scooter-share and bike-share usage patterns in Washington, DC","volume":"78","author":"McKenzie","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0195","unstructured":"Molloy, J., Castro Fern\u00e1ndez, A., G\u00f6tschi, T., Schoeman, B., Tchervenkov, C., Tomic, U., Hintermann, B., Axhausen, K.W., 2020. A national-scale mobility pricing experiment using GPS tracking and online surveys in Switzerland: Response rates and survey method results. Arbeitsberichte Verkehrs-und Raumplanung, 1555."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2021.01.009","article-title":"Observed impacts of the Covid-19 first wave on travel behaviour in Switzerland based on a large GPS panel","volume":"104","author":"Molloy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0205","series-title":"Shared micromobility in the US: 2019","author":"NACTO","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narayanan, S., Gruber, J., Liedtke, G., Antoniou, C., 2021. Purchase intention and actual purchase of cargo cycles: Influencing factors and policy insights. Preprint submitted to Transport. Res. Part A: Policy and Pract.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2021.10.007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0215","series-title":"Trip patterns and revenue of shared e-scooters in Louisville","author":"Noland","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0220","first-page":"114","article-title":"Scootin\u2019 in the rain: Does weather affect micromobility?","volume":"149","author":"Noland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transport. Res. Part A: Policy Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ort\u00fazar, J.d.D., Willumsen, L.G., 2011. Modelling Transport. John Wiley & Sons, New York.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119993308"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2020.102947","article-title":"Explaining shared micromobility usage, competition and mode choice by modelling empirical data from Zurich, Switzerland","volume":"124","author":"Reck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transport. Res. Part C: Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0235","unstructured":"Reck, D.J., Guidon, S., Axhausen, K.W., 2021b. Modelling shared e-scooters: A spatial regression approach. In: Paper presented at the 9th Symposium of the European Association for Research in Transportation (hEART), Lyon, February."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.102803","article-title":"Who uses shared micro-mobility services? Empirical evidence from Zurich, Switzerland","volume":"94","author":"Reck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transport. Res. Part D: Transp. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rtbm.2015.03.003","article-title":"Bike sharing: A review of evidence on impacts and processes of implementation and operation","volume":"15","author":"Ricci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Transport. Bus. Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0250","first-page":"217","article-title":"To scoot or not to scoot: Findings from a recent survey about the benefits and barriers of using E-scooters for riders and non-riders","volume":"139","author":"Sanders","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transport. Res. Part A: Policy. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.32866\/7827","article-title":"Predicting response rates of all and recruited respondents: A first attempt","author":"Schmid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Find."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0260","unstructured":"Shaheen, S., Cohen, A., 2019. Shared Micromobility Policy Toolkit: Docked and Dockless Bike and Scooter Sharing. UC Berkeley Transportation Sustainability Research Center, Richmond, CA. Retrieved from https:\/\/escholarshiorg\/uc\/item\/00k897b5. Accessed on 27 September 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaheen, S.A., Zhang, H., Martin, E., Guzman, S., 2011. Hangzhou public bicycle: Understanding early adoption and behavioural response to bike sharing in Hangzhou, China. In: Paper presented at the 90th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, January.","DOI":"10.3141\/2247-05"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1080\/15568318.2018.1429696","article-title":"Understanding the usage of dockless bike sharing in Singapore","volume":"12","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Transport."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00f6derberg f.k.a Andersson, A.S., Adell, E., Hiselius, L.W., 2021. What is the substitution effect of e-bikes? A randomised controlled trial. Transport. Res. Part D: Transp. Environ., 90, 102648.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102648"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2019.102202","article-title":"Modal shift implications of e-bike use in the Netherlands: Moving towards sustainability?","volume":"78","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transport. Res. Part D: Transp. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, J.F., Silva, C., Moura e S\u00e1, F., 2021. Empirical evidence on the impacts of bikesharing: a literature review. Transp. Rev., 41(3), 329-351.","DOI":"10.1080\/01441647.2020.1841328"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0290","series-title":"Discrete choice methods with simulation","author":"Train","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0295","unstructured":"Wang, K., Qian, X., Circella, G., Lee, Y., Malik, J., Fitch, D.T., 2021. What Mobility Modes Do Shared E-Scooters Displace? A Review of Recent Research Findings. Paper presented at the 100th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, January."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0300","first-page":"308","article-title":"Comparing the temporal determinants of dockless scooter-share and station-based bike-share in Washington, DC","volume":"134","author":"Younes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transport. Res. Part A: Policy Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2020.101483","article-title":"Understanding spatio-temporal heterogeneity of bike-sharing and scooter-sharing mobility","volume":"81","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134_b0310","unstructured":"Zuniga-Garcia, N., Machemehl, R., 2020. Dockless electric scooters and transit use in an urban\/university environment. In: Paper presented at the 99th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, January."}],"container-title":["Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1361920921004296?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1361920921004296?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T19:21:52Z","timestamp":1761247312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1361920921004296"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["S1361920921004296"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134","relation":{},"ISSN":["1361-9209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1361-9209","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Mode choice, substitution patterns and environmental impacts of shared and personal micro-mobility","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103134","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103134"}}