{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T11:59:56Z","timestamp":1791460796609,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000893","name":"The Simons Foundation Inc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000893","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"US Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013055","name":"US Department of Energy Materials Sciences and Engineering Division","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005190","name":"Melanoma Research Alliance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"NSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T09:11:42Z","timestamp":1790068302000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrating biology and mathematics to understand checkpoint immunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Rachel S.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Moshensky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Murat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon N.","family":"Geels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Lowengrub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2490-849X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Marangoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.105838","article-title":"Efficacy of anti-PD1 therapy in PD1-high mRNA tumors across multiple cancer types: results from cohort 1 and cohort 2 of the phase II SOLTI-1904 ACROPOLI trial","volume":"10","author":"Segu\u00ed","year":"2025","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2407417","article-title":"Final, 10-year outcomes with nivolumab plus ipilimumab in advanced melanoma","volume":"392","author":"Wolchok","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2500","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1713444","article-title":"Tumor mutational burden and response rate to PD-1 inhibition","volume":"377","author":"Yarchoan","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2020.03.017","article-title":"Acquired resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"37","author":"Schoenfeld","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24473","article-title":"A neoantigen fitness model predicts tumour response to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy","volume":"551","author":"Luksza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04735-9","article-title":"Neoantigen quality predicts immunoediting in survivors of pancreatic cancer","volume":"606","author":"\u0141uksza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252620","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 inhibition can overcome cancer primary resistance to PD-1 blockade: a mathematical model","volume":"16","author":"Siewe","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2024.05.013","article-title":"Interruption of the Intratumor CD8+ T cell:Treg crosstalk improves the efficacy of PD-1 immunotherapy","volume":"42","author":"Geels","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-25-5784","article-title":"Mathematical and mouse models identify regulatory T cell influx as a key determinant of acquired resistance to PD-1 immunotherapy","author":"Sousa","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14404","article-title":"Melanoma-intrinsic \u03b2-catenin signalling prevents anti-tumour immunity","volume":"523","author":"Spranger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2016.06.003","article-title":"Critical role for CD103(+)\/CD141(+) dendritic cells bearing CCR7 for tumor antigen trafficking and priming of T cell immunity in melanoma","volume":"30","author":"Roberts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI66375","article-title":"Dynamic Treg interactions with intratumoral APCs promote local CTL dysfunction","volume":"124","author":"Bauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI34388","article-title":"Two-photon imaging of intratumoral CD8+ T cell cytotoxic activity during adoptive T cell therapy in mice","volume":"118","author":"Breart","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.3.1738","article-title":"The rate of the CD8-dependent initial reduction in tumor volume is not limited by contact-dependent perforin, Fas ligand, or TNF-mediated cytolysis","volume":"173","author":"Hollenbaugh","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12761","article-title":"Guidance factors orchestrating regulatory T cell positioning in tissues during development, homeostasis, and response","volume":"289","author":"Mempel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.01.004","article-title":"Principles of regulatory T cell function","volume":"56","author":"Dikiy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13862","article-title":"Cessation of CCL2 inhibition accelerates breast cancer metastasis by promoting angiogenesis","volume":"515","author":"Bonapace","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-024-01232-z","article-title":"Targeting of TAMs: can we be more clever than cancer cells?","volume":"21","author":"Kzhyshkowska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-23-2457","article-title":"Objective analysis and clinical significance of the spatial tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte patterns in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"30","author":"De Rodas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2024-334026","article-title":"Multiomics analysis of immune correlatives in hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with tremelimumab plus durvalumab","volume":"74","author":"Myojin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.04.010","article-title":"Intratumoral activity of the CXCR3 chemokine system is required for the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy","volume":"50","author":"Chow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.06.008","article-title":"A distinct stimulatory cDC1 subpopulation amplifies CD8+ T cell responses in tumors for protective anti-cancer immunity","volume":"41","author":"Meiser","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.07.015","article-title":"CXCR6 guides cytotoxic T cells towards critical survival signals in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"184","author":"Di Pilato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2024.06.014","article-title":"Lymphatic-localized Treg-mregDC crosstalk limits antigen trafficking and restrains anti-tumor immunity","volume":"42","author":"You","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02345-0","article-title":"Intratumoral dendritic cell\u2013CD4+ T helper cell niches enable CD8+ T cell differentiation following PD-1 blockade in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"29","author":"Magen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01792-2","article-title":"Human lung cancer harbors spatially organized stem-immunity hubs associated with response to immunotherapy","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-25-2944","article-title":"Targeting tumor-associated macrophages and cancer-associated fibroblasts to overcome therapeutic resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"32","author":"Cho","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46504-4","article-title":"Metabolic targeting of cancer associated fibroblasts overcomes T-cell exclusion and chemoresistance in soft-tissue sarcomas","volume":"15","author":"Broz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.02.021","article-title":"Tissue-resident FOLR2+ macrophages associate with CD8+ T cell infiltration in human breast cancer","volume":"185","author":"Ramos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.02.001","article-title":"Tertiary lymphoid structures generate and propagate anti-tumor antibody-producing plasma cells in renal cell cancer","volume":"55","author":"Meylan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1922-8","article-title":"B cells and tertiary lymphoid structures promote immunotherapy response","volume":"577","author":"Helmink","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2018.01.022","article-title":"Spatial interaction of tumor cells and regulatory T cells correlates with survival in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"117","author":"Barua","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03651-8","article-title":"Tissue-resident macrophages provide a pro-tumorigenic niche to early NSCLC cells","volume":"595","author":"Casanova-Acebes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-24-0589","article-title":"Spatial organization of macrophages in CTL-rich hepatocellular carcinoma influences CTL antitumor activity","volume":"13","author":"Weng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2022.05.004","article-title":"Spatiotemporal co-dependency between macrophages and exhausted CD8+ T cells in cancer","volume":"40","author":"Kersten","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06685-2","article-title":"IL-1\u03b2+ macrophages fuel pathogenic inflammation in pancreatic cancer","volume":"623","author":"Caronni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adf6493","article-title":"Deterministic reprogramming of neutrophils within tumors","volume":"383","author":"Ng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10122","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2509","article-title":"Stochastic modelling for quantitative description of heterogeneous biological systems","volume":"10","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0195","series-title":"Stochastic Partial Differential Equations: An Introduction","author":"Liu","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1137\/18M1189026","article-title":"A hybrid multiscale model for cancer invasion of the extracellular matrix","volume":"18","author":"Sfakianakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multiscale Model. Simul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp416","article-title":"Cross-scale, cross-pathway evaluation using an agent-based non-small cell lung cancer model","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.06.048","article-title":"Human interpretable grammar encodes multicellular systems biology models to democratize virtual cell laboratories","volume":"188","author":"Johnson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1038\/s43588-022-00377-z","article-title":"Mathematical modeling of cancer immunotherapy for personalized clinical translation","volume":"2","author":"Butner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2022.10.006","article-title":"Agent-based methods facilitate integrative science in cancer","volume":"33","author":"West","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3060","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2025113","article-title":"Recent advances in ODEs modeling of tumor-immune responses: a focus on delay effects","volume":"22","author":"Arredondo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Math. Biosci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0230","article-title":"Modeling cancer progression: an integrated workflow extending data-driven kinetic models to bio-mechanical PDE models","volume":"21","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-025-00796-w","article-title":"Using mathematical modelling and AI to improve delivery and efficacy of therapies in cancer","volume":"25","author":"Harkos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fsysb.2024.1407994","article-title":"The rise of scientific machine learning: a perspective on combining mechanistic modelling with machine learning for systems biology","volume":"4","author":"Noordijk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02460644","article-title":"Nonlinear dynamics of immunogenic tumors: parameter estimation and global bifurcation analysis","volume":"56","author":"Kuznetsov","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06309","article-title":"Adaptive immunity maintains occult cancer in an equilibrium state","volume":"450","author":"Koebel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9999","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1822001116","article-title":"PD-1+ regulatory T cells amplified by PD-1 blockade promote hyperprogression of cancer","volume":"116","author":"Kamada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0769-3","article-title":"The PD-1 expression balance between effector and regulatory T cells predicts the clinical efficacy of PD-1 blockade therapies","volume":"21","author":"Kumagai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002742","article-title":"Modeling protective anti-tumor immunity via preventative cancer vaccines using a hybrid agent-based and delay differential equation approach","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22541","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-49467-6","article-title":"Mathematical model predicts tumor control patterns induced by fast and slow cytotoxic T lymphocyte killing mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)00026-1","article-title":"Eradication of established tumors by CD8+ T cell adoptive immunotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Hanson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-01188-3","article-title":"Pathological response and survival with neoadjuvant therapy in melanoma: a pooled analysis from the International Neoadjuvant Melanoma Consortium (INMC)","volume":"27","author":"Menzies","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2007.01.029","article-title":"How regulatory CD25+CD4+T cells impinge on tumor immunobiology? on the existence of two alternative dynamical classes of tumors","volume":"247","author":"Leon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2011.10.027","article-title":"A mathematical model of tumor-immune interactions","volume":"294","author":"Robertson-Tessi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.05.027","article-title":"Expansion of tumor-associated Treg cells upon disruption of a CTLA-4-dependent feedback loop","volume":"184","author":"Marangoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-017-0313-7","article-title":"Mathematical modeling of tumor-associated macrophage interactions with the cancer microenvironment","volume":"6","author":"Mahlbacher","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1038\/nm871","article-title":"Targeting exogenous genes to tumor angiogenesis by transplantation of genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells","volume":"9","author":"De Palma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-21-3181","article-title":"Tie2 receptor in tumor-infiltrating macrophages is dispensable for tumor angiogenesis and tumor relapse after chemotherapy","volume":"82","author":"Jakab","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008519","article-title":"Multi-scale modeling of macrophage-T cell interactions within the tumor microenvironment","volume":"16","author":"Cess","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2022.111207","article-title":"Mathematical investigation into the role of macrophage heterogeneity on the temporal and spatio-temporal dynamics of non-small cell lung cancers","volume":"549","author":"Bartha","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0325","article-title":"Role of tumor-associated neutrophils in regulation of tumor growth in lung cancer development: a mathematical model","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.02.020","article-title":"Macrophages at the interface of the co-evolving cancer ecosystem","volume":"186","author":"Kloosterman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2010.04.030","article-title":"Modeling anti-tumor Th1 and Th2 immunity in the rejection of melanoma","volume":"265","author":"Eftimie","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2022.11.014","article-title":"IL-5-producing CD4+ T cells and eosinophils cooperate to enhance response to immune checkpoint blockade in breast cancer","volume":"41","author":"Blomberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2019.03.002","article-title":"Mathematical modeling of tumor-immune cell interactions","volume":"469","author":"Mahlbacher","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1484","article-title":"Modeling immune cell behavior across scales in cancer","volume":"12","author":"Makaryan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Syst. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/abc3fc","article-title":"Computational modelling of modern cancer immunotherapy","volume":"65","author":"Valentinuzzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13071016","article-title":"The role of mathematical models in immuno-oncology: challenges and future perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Sancho-Araiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20112741","article-title":"Programmed cell death 1 forms negative costimulatory microclusters that directly inhibit T cell receptor signaling by recruiting phosphatase SHP2","volume":"209","author":"Yokosuka","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf1292","article-title":"T cell costimulatory receptor CD28 is a primary target for PD-1-mediated inhibition","volume":"355","author":"Hui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2017.0320","article-title":"A computational multiscale agent-based model for simulating spatio-temporal tumour immune response to PD1 and PDL1 inhibition","volume":"14","author":"Gong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/10273660600968978","article-title":"Spatial tumor-immune modeling","volume":"7","author":"de Pillis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Math. Methods Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-15-0510","article-title":"Cancer immunotherapy with immunomodulatory anti-CD137 and anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies requires BATF3-dependent dendritic cells","volume":"6","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Paulete","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.03.012","article-title":"Expansion and activation of CD103+ dendritic cell progenitors at the tumor site enhances tumor responses to therapeutic PD-L1 and BRAF inhibition","volume":"44","author":"Salmon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178479","article-title":"Combination therapy of cancer with cancer vaccine and immune checkpoint inhibitors: a mathematical model","volume":"12","author":"Lai","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2014.09.007","article-title":"Dissecting the tumor myeloid compartment reveals rare activating antigen-presenting cells critical for T cell immunity","volume":"26","author":"Broz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.09.024","article-title":"Successful anti-PD-1 cancer immunotherapy requires T cell-dendritic cell crosstalk involving the cytokines IFN-\u03b3 and IL-12","volume":"49","author":"Garris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg2752","article-title":"CD5 expression by dendritic cells directs T cell immunity and sustains immunotherapy responses","volume":"379","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01323-8","article-title":"A single-cell map of intratumoral changes during anti-PD1 treatment of patients with breast cancer","volume":"27","author":"Bassez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1202947","article-title":"Trans-endocytosis of CD80 and CD86: a molecular basis for the cell-extrinsic function of CTLA-4","volume":"332","author":"Qureshi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22699","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1821218116","article-title":"Combination anti-CTLA-4 plus anti-PD-1 checkpoint blockade utilizes cellular mechanisms partially distinct from monotherapies","volume":"116","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01176-4","article-title":"LAG3 associates with TCR\u2013CD3 complexes and suppresses signaling by driving co-receptor\u2013Lck dissociation","volume":"23","author":"Guy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.07.016","article-title":"LAG-3 and PD-1 synergize on CD8+ T cells to drive T cell exhaustion and hinder autocrine IFN-\u03b3-dependent anti-tumor immunity","volume":"187","author":"Andrews","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.08.008","article-title":"Inhibitory co-receptor Lag3 supports Foxp3+ regulatory T cell function by restraining Myc-dependent metabolic programming","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-025-01433-1","article-title":"The impact of T-cell exhaustion dynamics on tumour-immune interactions and tumour growth","volume":"87","author":"Lai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2023-007585","article-title":"PD-1-expressing macrophages and CD8 T cells are independent predictors of clinical benefit from PD-1 inhibition in advanced mesothelioma","volume":"11","author":"Homicsko","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22396","article-title":"PD-1 expression by tumour-associated macrophages inhibits phagocytosis and tumour immunity","volume":"545","author":"Gordon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aay1863","article-title":"Targeted deletion of PD-1 in myeloid cells induces antitumor immunity","volume":"5","author":"Strauss","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.09.030","article-title":"High-dimensional analysis delineates myeloid and lymphoid compartment remodeling during successful immune-checkpoint cancer therapy","volume":"175","author":"Gubin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.02.032","article-title":"A neutrophil response linked to tumor control in immunotherapy","volume":"186","author":"Gungabeesoon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.03.007","article-title":"T cell immunotherapies engage neutrophils to eliminate tumor antigen escape variants","volume":"186","author":"Hirschhorn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32829","article-title":"CTLA4 blockade promotes vessel normalization in breast tumors via the accumulation of eosinophils","volume":"146","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.12.006","article-title":"Bispecific PD1-IL2v and anti-PD-L1 break tumor immunity resistance by enhancing stem-like tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells and reprogramming macrophages","volume":"56","author":"Tichet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10501","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10501","article-title":"Adaptive resistance to therapeutic PD-1 blockade is associated with upregulation of alternative immune checkpoints","volume":"7","author":"Koyama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58600-8","article-title":"Integrative network modeling reveals mechanisms underlying T cell exhaustion","volume":"10","author":"Bolouri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.11.022","article-title":"Tumor interferon signaling regulates a multigenic resistance program to immune checkpoint blockade","volume":"167","author":"Benci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adf1329","article-title":"Combined JAK inhibition and PD-1 immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer patients","volume":"384","author":"Mathew","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09440-x","article-title":"Inhibitory PD-1 axis maintains high-avidity stem-like CD8+ T cells","volume":"649","author":"Hor","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0205996","article-title":"Integrating mechanism-based T cell phenotypes into a model of tumor-immune cell interactions","volume":"8","author":"Tangella","year":"2024","journal-title":"APL Bioeng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600019","article-title":"IL-15 trans-signaling with the superagonist RLI promotes effector\/memory CD8+ T cell responses and enhances antitumor activity of PD-1 antagonists","volume":"197","author":"Desbois","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-0762","article-title":"Anti-CTLA-4 immunotherapy does not deplete FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in human cancers","volume":"25","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3540","article-title":"An essential role for the IL-2 receptor in T reg cell function","volume":"17","author":"Chinen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/39614","article-title":"A CD4+ T-cell subset inhibits antigen-specific T-cell responses and prevents colitis","volume":"389","author":"Groux","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00930-4","article-title":"Clonally expanded EOMES+ Tr1-like cells in primary and metastatic tumors are associated with disease progression","volume":"22","author":"Bonnal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07752-y","article-title":"Neoantigen-specific cytotoxic Tr1 CD4 T cells suppress cancer immunotherapy","volume":"632","author":"Sultan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abn6173","article-title":"PD-L1 checkpoint blockade promotes regulatory T cell activity that underlies therapy resistance","volume":"8","author":"van Gulijk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.11.020","article-title":"Positioning and reversible suppression of CCR7+ dendritic cells in perivascular tumor niches shape cancer immunity","volume":"59","author":"Zitti","year":"2026","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2018.02.010","article-title":"Fc effector function contributes to the activity of human anti-CTLA-4 antibodies","volume":"33","author":"Arce-Vargas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7280","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27574-0","article-title":"Depletion of central memory CD8+ T cells might impede the antitumor therapeutic effect of mogamulizumab","volume":"12","author":"Maeda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.10.021","article-title":"Transcriptional landscape of human tissue lymphocytes unveils uniqueness of tumor-infiltrating T regulatory cells","volume":"45","author":"De Simone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2114282119","article-title":"CCR8-targeted specific depletion of clonally expanded Treg cells in tumor tissues evokes potent tumor immunity with long-lasting memory","volume":"119","author":"Kidani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.11.003","article-title":"PD-L1:CD80 cis-heterodimer triggers the co-stimulatory receptor CD28 while repressing the inhibitory PD-1 and CTLA-4 pathways","volume":"51","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4835","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18570-x","article-title":"PD-L1 on dendritic cells attenuates T cell activation and regulates response to immune checkpoint blockade","volume":"11","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3126","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1722043115","article-title":"B7-H1 maintains the polyclonal T cell response by protecting dendritic cells from cytotoxic T lymphocyte destruction","volume":"115","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6667","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-17-0740","article-title":"IL10 release upon PD-1 blockade sustains immunosuppression in ovarian cancer","volume":"77","author":"Lamichhane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2300674","article-title":"Regulation of tumor dendritic cells by programmed cell death 1 pathways","volume":"212","author":"Knutson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.02.005","article-title":"Tumor PD-L1 engages myeloid PD-1 to suppress type I interferon to impair cytotoxic T lymphocyte recruitment","volume":"41","author":"Klement","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5011","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-18-0118","article-title":"Combined blockade of IL6 and PD-1\/PD-L1 signaling abrogates mutual regulation of their immunosuppressive effects in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"78","author":"Tsukamoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3205","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b3 regulates cellular metabolism and mRNA translation to potentiate macrophage activation","volume":"16","author":"Su","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30274-8","article-title":"Epacadostat plus pembrolizumab versus placebo plus pembrolizumab in patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma (ECHO-301\/KEYNOTE-252): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind study","volume":"20","author":"Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7144","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.18.7144","article-title":"Interferon gamma-resistant mutants are defective in the induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase","volume":"86","author":"Feng","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2020.1722022","article-title":"Moderate-to-severe eosinophilia induced by treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors: 37 cases from a national reference center for hypereosinophilic syndromes and the French pharmacovigilance database","volume":"9","author":"Scanvion","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abi7083","article-title":"Resident Kupffer cells and neutrophils drive liver toxicity in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Siwicki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9063","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65590-0","article-title":"A QSP model of prostate cancer immunotherapy to identify effective combination therapies","volume":"10","author":"Coletti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.3934\/dcdsb.2013.18.915","article-title":"Mathematical modeling of regulatory T cell effects on renal cell carcinoma treatment","volume":"18","author":"De Pillis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-4209-9","article-title":"Dose escalation can maximize therapeutic potential of sunitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma","volume":"18","author":"Mar\u00e1z","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnsns.2021.105765","article-title":"Role of regulatory T cells on a simple tumor-immune interaction system","volume":"98","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11286","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47802-4","article-title":"A QSP model for predicting clinical responses to monotherapy, combination and sequential therapy following CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 checkpoint blockade","volume":"9","author":"Milberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3751","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13153751","article-title":"A spatial quantitative systems pharmacology platform spQSP-IO for simulations of tumor-immune interactions and effects of checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.76284","article-title":"Evolution-based mathematical models significantly prolong response to abiraterone in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer and identify strategies to further improve outcomes","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-021-01070-8","article-title":"Improved prediction of immune checkpoint blockade efficacy across multiple cancer types","volume":"40","author":"Chowell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02393-7","article-title":"Systems biology informed neural networks (SBINN) predict response and novel combinations for PD-1 checkpoint blockade","volume":"4","author":"Przedborski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3932","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1517384113","article-title":"Discovering governing equations from data by sparse identification of nonlinear dynamical systems","volume":"113","author":"Brunton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1115536","article-title":"Data driven model discovery and interpretation for CAR T-cell killing using sparse identification and latent variables","volume":"14","author":"Brummer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.12.1685","article-title":"CD8(+) but not CD8(-) dendritic cells cross-prime cytotoxic T cells in vivo","volume":"192","author":"den Haan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0145-8","article-title":"Adjustment of dendritic cells to the breast-cancer microenvironment is subset specific","volume":"19","author":"Michea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2134-y","article-title":"A conserved dendritic-cell regulatory program limits antitumour immunity","volume":"580","author":"Maier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0710","article-title":"Mature dendritic cells enriched in immunoregulatory molecules (mregDCs): a novel population in the tumour microenvironment and immunotherapy target","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04355-w","article-title":"Factor XIIIA-expressing inflammatory monocytes promote lung squamous cancer through fibrin cross-linking","volume":"9","author":"Porrello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-001223","article-title":"Differential expansion of circulating human MDSC subsets in patients with cancer, infection and inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Cassetta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08257-4","article-title":"Cancer cells impair monocyte-mediated T cell stimulation to evade immunity","volume":"637","author":"Elewaut","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-022-00547-1","article-title":"A timeline of tumour-associated macrophage biology","volume":"23","author":"Cassetta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-84890-3","article-title":"Pretreatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is associated with immunotherapy efficacy in patients with advanced cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb0740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.02.005","article-title":"Neutrophil profiling illuminates anti-tumor antigen-presenting potency","volume":"187","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004_bb2005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.11.005","article-title":"Stat5 opposes the transcription factor Tox and rewires exhausted CD8+ T cells toward durable effector-like states during chronic antigen exposure","volume":"12","author":"Beltra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"}],"container-title":["Trends in Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405803326002153?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405803326002153?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T11:36:25Z","timestamp":1791459385000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2405803326002153"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":149,"alternative-id":["S2405803326002153"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["2405-8033"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2405-8033","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Integrating biology and mathematics to understand checkpoint immunotherapy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Trends in Cancer","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trecan.2026.09.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}